Red
What are the 6 key features of multiple myeloma?
CRABBI - Hypercalcaemia, Renal impairment, anaemia, bleeding, bone lesions, infection
Behaviourism is a learning theory used in medical education.
This theorises that learning is a change in observable behaviour caused by external stimuli.
Key mechanisms of this theory is classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Please define these terms.
Classical conditioning (Pavlov): learning by association - e.g. Pavlov's Dog
Operant conditioning (Skinner): behaviour shaped through reinforcement - e.g. Skinner box experiment
Examples is medical education: clinical skills, checklists and competency sign-off
Limitations: focused on behaviour rather than understanding underlying concepts
What is the only bone in the human body which does not articulate with another bone?
Hyoid Bone
What are the Ottawa ankle rules?
Bony tenderness at the lateral malleolar zone
Bony tenderness at the medical malleolar zone
Inability to walk four weight-bearing steps immediately after injury and in ED
Which ancient Greek physician, often referred to as the "Father of Western Medicine," is traditionally credited with writing the foundational ethical oath for medical practitioners?
Hippocrates
Dr Edward Jenner is created the world’s first vaccine in 1796. Which disease did this vaccine target?
Smallpox
What are the indications for early surgical intervention for renal and ureteric stones?
Ongoing & Intolerable Pain
Obstruction with Infection
Bilateral Obstruction or Unilateral Obstruction with a solitary kidney
Give 2 benefits and 2 limitations of the use of GenAI in medical education
Benefits
Supports personalised learning
Can create learning resources and case studies
Standardisation of clinical interactions through simulation
Assists with revision and self-directed learning
Increased efficiency of teaching and learning – reduced administrative workload
Limitations
Generative AI can produce inaccurate, outdated and fabricated information – ALWAYS VERIFY FACTS
Ethical concerns – privacy, consent, increased risk of data breaches and confidentiality
AI may reflect biases in its training data and lacks clinical context and professional judgement
Over-reliance can lead to reduced independent thinking, clinical reasoning, problem solving and engagement with teachers
Risk of loss of writing and reflective skills
Guidance: be aware of good practice when using AI, professional and academic integrity remain important, remember to critically evaluate sources
Which railway foreman survived an iron rod passing through his left frontal lobe in 1848, with documented personality change?
Phineas Gage
A 79-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a new left-sided weakness. She has a history of atrial fibrillation and takes warfarin. Her INR on admission is 2.5. A CT head shows left basal ganglia intracerebral haemorrhage.
What action is required with regards to her warfarin?
- Stop the warfarin
- 5mg vitamin K IV
- prothrombin complex concentrate IV
These celebrities have all publicly discussed their medical conditions. Which chronic conditions do the following celebrities have?
a) Selena Gomez
b) Winnie Harlow
c) Michael J Fox
d) James Norton
Selena Gomez – Lupus
Winnie Harlow – Vitiligo
Michael J Fox – Parkinson’s disease
James Norton – Type 1 Diabetes
At what age would the average child acquire the ability to sit without support?
6-8 months
Where did the world's first human-to-human heart transplant take place?
Cape Town, South Africa (1967)
Maslow created a 'hierarchy of needs'. The key concept is that lower level needs must be met before higher level needs become motivating for learners.
Please list the 5 components of this pyramid.
Listed from top → bottom of pyramid
Self Actualisation
Esteem
Love and Belonging
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
Critiques: needs are not strictly hierarchical, cultural/individual beliefs affect how needs are prioritised, limited evidence
Name 2 significant risks associated with long-term use of Proton Pump Inhibitors?
What does Chvostek's sign indicate?
Chvostek's Sign - tapping over parotid causes facial muscles to twitch
Hypocalcaemia (70% of patients - can occur in 10% of patients with normal calcium)
What was the name of the world's first IVF baby?
Louise Brown - born in Oldham, England, 1978
A patient presents to ED with chest pain and their ECG shows ST elevation in leads II, III & aVF. Which coronary artery is most likely to be affected?
Right Coronary Artery
Patients with coeliac disease require a gluten free-diet. Which three of the following are gluten-free?
a) Quinoa
b) Wheat
c) Barley
d) Rice
e) Buckwheat
f) Rye
Answer:
Quinoa
Rice
Buckwheat
Some have speculated that the folklore around vampires, and Dracula in particular, was influenced by which group of metabolic disorders?
A) Porphyrias
B) Haemochromatosis
C) Thalassaemias
D) Mitochondrial disorders
Porphyrias
Reflection is vital to adult learning. It has many benefits, including enhancing self-awareness, broadening perspectives, identifies opportunities for development and supports lifelong learning.
Name two reflective frameworks that can be used in medical education - you can provide the name or describe the process.
Gibbs' Reflective Cycle - description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action plan
Kolb's Experiential Learning Cycle - concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualisation, active experimentation
Driscoll's "What?" Model - What? So What? Now What?
Schon's Concept of Reflection - reflection-in-action, reflection-on-action
Greenaway's The 4 F's of Active Reviewing - Future, Facts, Findings, Feelings
Bain's 5 R Framework - Reporting, Responding, Relating, Reasoning, Reconstructing
6 Hat Model - primarily a problem solving framework but is frequently adapted to become a reflective tool
What are the four characteristic features of Tetralogy of Fallot?
A patient undergoes a total knee arthroplasty 1 week ago. They report they are struggling to dorsi-flex their foot when walking.
What structure is most likely to have been damaged during the operation?
Common Peroneal Nerve
In 1928, when Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered penicillin when a petri dish was contaminated and inhibited bacterial growth, what was the name of the bacterial specieis he was studying in that dish?
a) streptococcus pneumoniae
b) staphylococcus aureus
c) Escherichia coli
d) pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus aureus
What is the difference between andragogy and pedagogy?
Pedagogy emphasises teaching and guidance, whereas andragogy emphasises adult learners’ autonomy, experience and practical needs.
Generally, andragogy is the theory and practice of adult learning compared with traditional child-focused pedagogy
Principles: self-concept, experience, readiness to learn, motivation, need to know