booby traps and pitfalls (common spelling errors)
If a learner writes "budder" when the target word is "butter," is this an example of omission, substitution, or transposition?
substitution.... the tongue flap or alveolar flap in the middle of "butter" is spelled with a /d/
Which word does not fit in the following word chain of minimal pairs?
doggy, donkey, monkey, money, honey, roomy
doggy, donkey, monkey, money, honey, roomy
digraph or blend?
ch
digraph (ch = /k/ in chorus, /sh/ in chef, /ch/ in church)
voiced or unvoiced?
the /v/ in "voice"
the /v/ in "voice" is a voiced labiodental fricative
Which word contains a schwa vowel sound?
ball, balloon, apple, tan?
balloon
If a learner writes "aminal" when the target word is "animal," is this an example of omission, substitution, or transposition?
transposition... the "m" and "n" switch places. in this case, it's a nasal transposition
which word uses a pronunciation of the grapheme "ch" differently than the others?
chorus, Christmas, chronological, chair, school, chaos
chorus, Christmas, chronological, chair, school, chaos
digraph or blend?
br
blend
as in brown, bring, break
voiced or unvoiced?
the /s/ in "hiss"
the /s/ in "hiss" is an unvoiced alveolar fricative
Which word contains a schwa vowel sound?
photograph, photo, photography, photographic
photography
If a learner spelled the word "walked" phonetically, what would that look like?
(for example, "dogs" spelled phonetically looks like "dawgz")
wakt
which word uses a pronunciation of the grapheme "g" differently than the others?
great, greet, giant, get, good,
great, greet, giant, get, good,
digraph or blend?
sp
blend
as in spell, spoon, speak, spot
voiced or unvoiced?
the /th/ in "these"
the /th/ in "these" is a voiced interdental fricative
Which letter in the word "photography" is a schwa?
photography
If a learner writes "cinmon" when the target word is "cinnamon," this is an example of what kind of omission?
omission of unaccented (schwa) syllable (e.g., cinnamon)
Which word does not fit in the following word chain of minimal pairs?
ox, box, docks, ducks, trucks, trains, tracks, wax
ox, box, docks, ducks, trucks, trains, tracks, wax
digraph or blend?
ng
digraph
as in sing, bang, strong, sprung
voiced or unvoiced?
the /z/ in "buzz"
the /z/ in "buzz" is a voiced alveolar fricative
What is a derivational form of the word "expire" that contains a schwa?
expiration
If a learner writes "chra" when the target word is "tray," this an example of affrication of what letters?
"chra" for "tray" is affrication of the "tr" sound
Which word does not fit in the following word chain of minimal pairs?
bat, bet, bed, head, hair, heed, need
bat, bet, bed, head, hair, heed, need
digraph or blend?
wh
digraph
as in while, whistle, why, whittle, whale, whomp
voiced or unvoiced?
the /wh/ in "white"
the /wh/ in "white" is a voiced bilabial glide
heavily