Criteria for a good speaking task
The standard which refers that a speaking task should have some relation to real-life language use.
Authenticity.
It provides a means of gaining articulatory control over language and makes learners increase their fluency store.
Drilling and chants.
He claims the idea that all individuals have a language acquisition device.
Noam Chomsky.
Under this model, the teacher is viewed as someone responsible, stern, and authoritative.
Confucious model.
The standard which refers that a speaking task should help learners experience a sense of achievement.
Challenge
This is the natural step between writing and speaking.
Reading aloud.
This theory proposes that children learn their first language through imitation and repetition.
Behaviorism.
In this kind of motivation, the learner motivates through external elements.
Extrinsic motivation.
The standard which refers that tasks should require learners to take into account the effect they having an audience.
Interactivity.
Dictation and paper conversations belong to this appropriation activity.
Writing tasks.
What theory proposed Vigotsky in which he mentioned the language was a cultural artifact.
Sociocultural theory.
This kind of evaluation is like athletic competition in that prize winners are scarce. It is even worse: language learners are always competing with the same rivals because the groups of students in classes are usually fixed.
Norm-referenced evaluation
According to Thornbury what are the criteria to considering when applying a speaking task?
Productivity, purposefulness, interactivity, challenge, safety, and authenticity.
It provides a useful change of focus from teacher-led classroom interaction.
Dialogue practice.
He suggested the cognitive development stages:
Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 years
Preoperational stage: ages 2 to 7
Concrete operational stage: ages 7 to 11
Formal operational stage: ages 12 and up
Jean Piaget.
This kind of evaluation works well with essays. When marking an essay, a teacher does not just rank it outstanding or satisfactory in comparison with the other students’ essays and give a few comments based on a general impression. Instead, the teacher judges it according to how well the student has satisfied the objective(s) of that particular assignment.
Objectives-referenced evaluation.
Speed, economy, accuracy, anticipation, and reliability.
Communicative activities are characterized by which features?
Motivation, Spontaneity, achievement, and no restrictions in the language used.
It's a process through which a teacher or more competent peer gives aid to the student in her/his ZPD as necessary, and tapers off this aid as it becomes unnecessary.
Scaffolding
If the teacher focuses on his students’ successes, he will be surprised to find how much they are learning and how hard they are trying. There will always be things for the teacher to be proud of. This model is:
Success and achievement model.