Language Development Stages
What is the first stage of first-language acquisition also known as? And what ages is the first stage?
The babbling stage
6-8 Months
What is Marie M. Clay famous for?
-Reading Recovery movement
-Accelerating progress of struggling readers
-Continuous and specific assessment
What is English Language Development?
-Graduated program of improvement in English language proficiency
-Summative assessment first to differentiate proficiency
-Various learning styles
-Large amount of practice with ungraded opportunities
What is SDAIE?
Specifically Designed Academic Instruction in English
What is the audio lingual method?
-Relies on repetition of structural patterns
-Supposed to be over learned
-Tries to prevent student errors and immediately reinforces correct expression
-Grammar taught inductively (discover then taught)
-New material presented in dialogue format and essential linguistic structures and skills are placed in a set sequence
-Exposure to new vocab is controlled and linguistic patterns are taught using rote memorization and repetitive drills
-Fallen out of favor in recent years
What is the second stage of first-language acquisition also known as? And at what age?
The one-word, one-morpheme, one unit, and holophrastic.
9-18 Months
What is Sharon Taberski famous for?
Personal relationships between teachers and new readers
What is primary language instruction?
-Prevent students from falling far behind grade level during process of English acquisition
-Gradually increase amount of English one time
-Slightly expanded amount of time for fundamentals of cognitive academic language in English
What is the nativist model?
1. Universal grammar wired into their brains (it's a template)
2. Just learn the specific ways the language utilizes the rules of universal grammar
3. Principals of language are innate
What is the total physical response approach?
Incorporates psychomotor systems to instill vocab and syntactic forms
-Not required to produce languages orally or written until ready
-Command forms
-Teacher gradually increases complexity of linguistic expressions in English
-Kinesthetic learning style
What is the third stage of first-language acquisition also known as? And what age?
Two-word stage
18-24 months
What is Priscilla Vail famous for?
Expert on dyslexia
Whole language approach to teaching dyslexics and other students with special needs
What is Basil Bernstein famous for?
Distinguishing between the restricted code and the elaborated code
What is Vgotsky's theory?
Interpersonal communication internalized as intrapersonal
What is the communicative strategy?
Assumes the comprehension of linguistic principles always comes before production of speech or writing
-Goal = create meaningful communication
-T create positive learning env. to lower affective filters
-T provides specific vocab/expressions
-T uses graphs/displays
What is the fourth stage of first-language acquisition also known as? and what ages?
Telegraphic, early multi-word, or multi-morpheme.
24-30 months
What is Marilyn Jager Adams famous for?
-Basic criteria for early reading successes
-Helped to create voice recognition software for developing readers
How many basic orientations are there for teaching ESL and what are they?
4
Structural/Linguistic
Cognitive
Affective/Motivational
Functional/Communicative
What does the cognitive model assert?
Individuals develop linguistic skills in order to control their environment
What is the grammar-translation approach?
-Almost exclusively in primary language
-Vocab taught in list format
-Provided with detailed explanation of grammatical rules
-Complex/advanced texts (studied for grammatical structures rather than content)
-Little attention to spoken forms/pronunciation
-Mostly translating sentences from one language to another
What is the fourth stage of first-language acquisition? and what ages?
What is the fourth stage of first-language acquisition?
After 30 Months
Who came up with the input hypothesis?
Stephen Krashen
Who came up with the Nativist model?
Noam Chomsky
What is the input hypothesis?
Need to be given information slightly above their ability level, and it needs to continuously be raised
What is the reading approach?
-Only appropriate for certain individuals (those living in non-English speaking community, so reading is most important)
-Grammar is limited (only what's necessary for comprehension and fluency)
-Almost no attention to pronunciation or development of conversational skills
-Translation from English into native language