GENERAL DEFINITIONS
a productive language skill involving generating, organizing, and expressing ideas in written form.
Writing
Type of writing which describes processes, events, or phenomena.
Descriptive Writing
is a type of academic writing in which the author tells a story from a personal point of view. It focuses on a real or imagined event and is written in a way that engages readers emotionally, much like storytelling.
Narrative Essay
is the one of the most important steps in the writing process. Its main purpose is to generate, explore, and organize ideas before drafting begins. During this stage, writers think deeply about the topic, audience, and purpose of their writing.
Pre-writing stage
an activity used to generate as many ideas as possible about a topic without judging or organizing them yet. It helps writers think freely and creatively before selecting the best ideas for their writing task.
Brainstorming
is a structured piece of writing that presents an argument, analysis, or interpretation
Essay
Type of writing which organizes information into categories and relationships.
Analytical writing
a type of academic writing that focuses on painting a vivid picture of a person, place, object, memory, or event through rich sensory details and figurative language.
Descriptive Essay
the stage in the writing process, where you begin turning your ideas into sentences and paragraphs. This is when you write your first full version (or rough draft) of the text based on your pre-writing plan or outline.
Drafting
a visual technique that helps organize ideas around a central topic. It shows how ideas are connected and helps writers explore, expand, and structure thoughts before drafting.
Mind mapping
Informal style, expresses personal thoughts and experiences.
Personal Writing
Type of writing which presents arguments supported by evidence.
Persuasive writing
a type of academic writing in which the writer analyzes similarities and differences between two or more subjects — such as ideas, concepts, texts, events, theories, places, or people.
Comparative Essay
The stage of writing which is focused on improving the accuracy, clarity, and readability of a text by correcting language-related errors and refining the style
Editing
an activity where you write continuously without stopping for a set period of time, usually 5–15 minutes. The purpose is to let ideas flow freely, without worrying about grammar, spelling, or structure.
Freewriting
Formal, objective, structured. Used in research and professional contexts.
Academic writing
Type of writing which evaluates sources, compares viewpoints, synthesizes ideas.
Critical writing
a type of academic writing in which the writer takes a clear position on an issue and supports it with evidence, logic, and reasoning.
Argumentative Essay
the stage in the writing process. At this point, the focus is on improving the content and structure of your draft—not just fixing grammar or punctuation (that comes later in editing).
Revising
an activity where a writer creates a logical, organized plan for their writing. It helps organize ideas into a hierarchical structure with main points and supporting details.
Outlining
a process consisting of several interconnected stages: Pre-writing, Drafting, Revising, Editing, and Publishing.
The Process Writing Cycle
The type of writing which tells a story or describes an event in an engaging and emotional way.
Narrative Writing
a type of academic writing that aims to explain, describe, or inform the reader about a specific topic in a clear and logical way. It focuses on presenting facts, evidence, and reasoning rather than personal opinions or emotional language.
Expository Essay
the stage in the writing process, when your work is shared with an audience. After pre-writing, drafting, revising, and editing, the writing is now polished and ready to be presented.
Publishing
a collaborative writing activity where students review each other’s work and offer constructive comments to help improve clarity, organization, content, or style.
Peer feedback