Gray and White Matter
Term referring to the gross appearance of the cells in the brain, which consists of nerve cells, supporting glia cells, and many. unmyelinated fibers.
Gray Matter
pg.12
What are the three major structures that make up the brain?
Cerebrum, brainstem (mid-brain, pons, medulla), and cerebellum. pg.15
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
Regulates motor movements and muscle tone.
pg. 14
Term used to describe: originating in the motor cortex and terminates in the spinal cord, involved in voluntary movements.
Corticospinal tract
pg. 19-20
True or False? The corticobulbar tract is very important for speech, swallowing, phonation, etc.
True
slide 23, introductory powerpoint
________ is made of axonal fibers that form tracts and carry sensory or motor information from one brain site to another.
White Matter
pg. 12/13
What are the four most commonly known lobes of the brain?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
pg. 21
Structure of the brain that is responsible for sensory functions, motor functions, and cognitive functions.
Thalamus
pg. 14
Does the corticospinal tract contain upper or lower motor neurons?
Upper motor neurons
pg. 291
The _______ is a two-neuron path which unites the cerebral cortex with the cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem involved in motor functions (apart from the oculomotor nerve).
corticobulbar tract
pg. 150
Why do the cells in gray matter appear gray?
The cells appear gray because of the absence of myelin.
pg.12
What structures make up the brainstem?
Midbrain, pons, medulla
pg. 15
How does the thalamus contribute to motor speech?
Stimulation of the left thalamus found to lead to stuttering.
pg.13
True of False: Corticospinal tract is where the soma of pyramidal neurons are located within cortical layer V.
True
pg. 56
True or False? The corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts are both pyramidal tracts.
True
slide 23, Introductory powerpoint
What is white matter mainly composed of and why it is considered "white"?
It is white because of the white appearance of the myelin (lipid) substance surrounding many of the axons.
pg.12/37
What structures make up the diencephalon?
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus
slide 3 on the diencephalon powerpoint
Term used to describe the following functions: specialized center that controls the rhythm of respiration; it also regulates facial movements and sensation through cranial nerves.
Pons
pg.14
What type of information does the corticospinal tracts carry?
The corticospinal tract carries motor signals from the primary motor cortex in the brain, down the spinal cord, to the muscles of the trunk and limbs.
pg. 57
As the corticobulbar tract descends, it gives off branches to the motor nuclei of the trigeminal, facial, vagus, hypoglossal and ________.
spinal accessory nerves
slide 23, introductory powerpoint
During apoptosis cells are pre-programmed to die occurring most dramatically in the first two years of life. During this, roughly around 50% of ________ dies. Also, the size of the cerebrum greatly increases due to the proliferation of _________.
Gray Matter, White Matter
pg. 12
What structure of the brain is involved with endocrinic (hormonal) and autonomic (involuntary control) functions?
Hypothalamus
slide 63, introduction ppt
The spatial organization of neurons, tracts, and terminals that reflect the spatial relationship of the body’s surface and functionally related muscle groups with the projected brain areas.
Homunculus
pg.38
What are some examples of symptoms a person may have with Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome?
Weakness or paralysis, hyperactive reflexes, decreased motor control, abnormal muscle tone
pg. 344
The corticobulbar tract originates in the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe, just superior to the lateral fissure and rostral to the central sulcus in the ________ gyrus (Brodmann area 4).
precentral
pg. 38