Vygotsky
What is Vygotsky most famously known for?
His Cognitive Development Theory
What are the three forms of intelligence according to Sternberg?
Analytical, creative, practical
What is the main idea of the Montessori method?
Children absorb knowledge from their surroundings, kids teach themselves, and children will learn most effectively in an environment catered towards them, and independent learning
What was Gardner’s view on the conventional concept of intelligence?
He believed that the general perception was too narrow and restrictive
Chomsky’s hierarchy theory is an in-depth understanding and analysis mainly of what subject?
Linguistics, with ties to various other subjects (namely social science in this case)
For what main reason did Vygotsky oppose widely accepted theories during his time?
Vygotsky believed that development is a result of learning rather than learning being a result of development which was widely accepted at the time
Through which theory was a test created in order to test the various intelligence fields of individuals?
Triarchic Theory
Why are Montessori teaching methods different from traditional methods?
Students are allowed to learn at their own pace, time limits or restrictions are shunned, largely putting a focus on hands-on learning, and students learn to thrive independently
What is the main concept of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?
The theory of multiple intelligences suggests that people are not born with all of the intelligence they have or gain over the years
Chomsky’s work stemmed from which movement that took place throughout the 1950s and 1960s?
The Cognitive Revolution
In the context of nurture vs. nature, which did Vygotsky believe was more important?
Nature over nurture
What four styles were proposed under Sternberg's theory of cognitive styles?
hierarchical, monarchic, anarchic, and oligarchic
The Montessori method largely focuses on which fields of development?
Emotional, social, physical, intellectual
Which proposed intelligence deals with physical abilities, and the ability of an individual to deal with objects?
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
What is the main idea behind Chomsky’s theory of universal grammar?
When raised in a normal environment (ex. with other humans/social environment), humans possess the ability to communicate and form language, with common linguistic patterns
What did Vygotsky emphasize within instructor roles?
Tools, supervision, scaffolding, aid, and explanation
Which form of intelligence focuses on the implementation of a hands-on style in practice?
Practical intelligence
In what way is the Montessori method most revolutionary as a whole?
The Montessori method was most revolutionary in promoting and providing self-discipline based education
What is the ninth theoretical intelligence that Gardner proposed after creating his theory of multiple intelligences?
Existential intelligence
Which proposed intelligence deals with the ability to think abstractly and in multiple dimensions?
Spatial intelligence
What is the main idea of Vygotsky’s “Zone of Proximal Development”
Stating what a student/learner is able to do, what they are capable of doing with further training or guidance, and what they are unable to do
How did Sternberg define "intelligence" as a whole?
Defined as the "mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection, and shaping of real-world environments relevant to one's life"
For what reasons is the Montessori method often criticized?
Lack of social interaction/development, peer relations discouraged, a requirement of self-motivational skills, and that different educational styles work better for different children
Which intelligences were proposed under Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?
Spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, linguistic, logical-mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic
What 4 categories does Chomsky break grammar down into?
Unrestricted grammar, context sensitive grammar, context free grammar, and regular grammar