DNA Replication
Transcription
Translation
Cell Growth and Regulation
Mitosis
100
Which way is DNA replicated? From ___ to ___
5' to 3'
100
What is the product of transcription?
and mRNA copy of a gene
100
Describe 3 types of mutation
point: changing one nucleotide for another. insertion: adding in extra nucleotides that then shift the reading frame deletion: taking out nucleotides, shifting the reading frame
100
What are the 2 limits to cell growth?
DNA overload and exchange of materials
100
What is the final step of M-phase, right after the last part of mitosis?
Cytokinesis
200
What is the purpose of DNA Replication and where does it occur?
DNA replication takes one original DNA molecule and makes two DNA molecules that each include one old strand and one new strand. This happens in the nucleus.
200
Where are the instructions for making a protein located?
in a gene in the DNA
200
What is the purpose of translation and where does it occur?
Translation reads mRNA and turns it into protein in the cytoplasm
200
Describe how the chromosome structure changes in S phase.
a chromosome with a single chromatid is replicated, forming a chromosome with 2 sister chromatids that are identical copies of eachother
200
List the 4 steps of mitosis in order
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
300
What enzymes are involved in DNA replication and what do they do?
DNA helicase unwinds the DNA and DNA polymerase builds the new strands of DNA.
300
What is the purpose of transcription and where does it occur?
the purpose of transcription is to make a copy of a gene in the form of mRNA which will then go through the process of translation. It occurs in the nucleus.
300
What are the three sites of a ribosome and what do they do?
A: anticodon of tRNA binds to the complementary mRNA codon P: tRNA gives its amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain attached t the ribosome E: kicks out the empty tRNA
300
List two things that regulate cell growth and division.
Internal regulators, external regulators, cyclins, food availability
300
What is the significance of the metaphase plate?
that is the line along which the chromosomes line up so they can be pulled apart by spindle.
400
What is the difference between the leading and lagging strand in the replication bubble?
The leading strand is built continuously toward the replication fork and the lagging strand is build in okazaki fragments away from the replication fork toward the origin of replication.
400
What enzyme is used on transcription and what does it do?
RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA and builds a complementary mRNA strand.
400
What are the three steps of translation and what happens in each step?
Initiation: the rRNA (ribosome) binds to the mRNA and positions the start codon at the P site and the following codon at the A site. Elongation: tRNAs drop off their amino acids, creating a long polypeptide chain Termination: the ribosome reaches the stop codon, and releases the polypeptide chain so it can fold into a protein.
400
What do cyclins do?
Start different phases of the cell cycle based on their concentrations.
400
In what phase are the new nuclear envelopes formed?
Telophase
500
Why are okazaki fragments formed?
Because the fragments are build away from the replication fork and the fork keeps expanding, producing more DNA that needs to be replicated behind each okazaki fragment, so the polymerase must go back to the fork to start building again.
500
Desscribe the process of splicing
taking out introns and putting together exons
500
What are the three types of RNA used in translation and what do they do?
mRNA- carries the codons that code for amino acids tRNA uses the anticodon to read the mRNA and attach the proper amino acid onto the rinosome rRNA- makes up the ribosome, which holds the growing polypeptide chain.
500
List the 4 phases of the cell cycle and what happens in each phase.
Gap 1- growth and making proteins S-phase- DNA replication Gap 2- centrioles are made M-phase- mitosis and cytokinesis
500
Why does chromatin have to condense into chromosomes in prophase?
Because the DNA has to be in chromosome form to be pulled apart properly.
M
e
n
u