Argument
statements that can be verified or proved in a reference source or by observation
facts
relies on the backing of a celebrity, an expert, or a satisfied customer
testimonial
statements that are unclear or not specific
vague language
exaggeration used for emphasis or effect
hyperbole
“If you don’t agree with this rule, then you must not care about school at all.”
either/or fallacy
opinions or beliefs that are taken for granted
specific details that illustrate the claim
assumptions
examples
uses strong feelings, rather than facts and evidence to persuade
tries to persuade others to "join in" or "do something" because everyone else is
emotional appeal
bandwagon
a claim that is supported by data, facts, or expert quote
a broad conclusion often using words like every, always, and never
unsupported claim
overgeneralization
the comparison of two unlike things using the words "like" or "as"
the comparison of two things that are not alike, but have some qualities in common
simile
metaphor
“This amazing community project brings hope, kindness, and opportunity to everyone involved.”
words with positive associations
data, percentages, and averages, drawn from reliable sources
the general statements (usually three) an author gives to prove the validity of a claim
presents a position on an issue and supports it with reasons and evidence
statistics
reasons
argument
relies on words with strongly positive or negative associations
makes people feel as if their safety, security, or health is in danger
uses flattery to win people over
loaded language
appeals to fear
appeals to vanity
suggests that there are only two choices available in a situation that really offers more than two options
the attempt to discredit an idea bpy attacks the person or group behind it
a conclusion drawn from too little evidence
either/or fallacy
name calling
hasty generalization
words and phrases that appeal to a reader's five senses; sensory language
a phrase or line repeated in a poem
giving human qualities to an animal, object, or idea
imagery
refrain
personification
“According to Dr. Maria Lopez, a climate scientist with over 20 years of research experience, reducing carbon emissions is essential to slowing global warming.”
expert opinion
the position presented in the argument
reasons and factual evidence to back up or prove the claim
an argument made to answer those who oppose the claim
quotations from reliable sources such as scholars, researchers, etc.
claim
supports
counterargument
expert opinion
influence people to have a certain belief or opinion or to act in a certain way
sends the message that something is valuable because only special people appreciate it
relies on facts and reason
call up unpleasant images experiences or feelings
persuasive techniques
snob appeal
logical appeals
words with negative associations
examples that do not directly relate to the claim
reasons that say the same thing over and over again using different words
an assumption that one event caused another because it occurred at an earlier time
irrelevant examples
circular reasoning
false cause
is the attitude a writer takes toward a subject
repeating the beginning sound in words
tone
alliteration
“I wore my lucky socks during the test, and I got an A. The socks must be what caused my good grade.”
“All teenagers are irresponsible.”
false cause
overgeneralization
opinions or beliefs that are taken for granted
statements used in attempt to support an argument but actually weaken it (name at least 3 different names for it)
assumptions
logical fallacies
bring to mind something exciting, comforting, or desirable
extremely positive words
extremely negative words
extremely vague words
words with positive association
"purr words"
"snarl words"
"weasel words"
making a claim that is influenced by your opinion and feeling
providing evidence that goes against the argument
biased argument
contradiction
a figurative language that is used so often it has become a common phrase
who does mood apply to?
idiom
"me" how the reader feels reading it
“He is trustworthy because he always tells the truth.”
“Stuff happened that caused the problem.”
“You can’t trust his opinion about homework—he’s just lazy.”
circular reasoning
vague language
name-calling