general
what is a hormone?
long distance chemical signals, travel in blood or lymph
what are the 3 types of stimuli that triggers the release of hormones?
- neural
- hormonal
whats the pH of blood
7.35-7.45
what is the body's main metabolic hormone
thyroid hormone
what does eosinophils play a role in?
OR
what do the granules in basophils contain?
histamine
what is an autocrine? a paracrine
Autocrine: chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them
Paracrines: locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them
what is up-regulation?
what is down-regulation?
–Up-regulation: target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels
–Down-regulation: target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels
what are the formed elements?
–Erythrocytes (red blood cells, or R B Cs)
–Leukocytes (white blood cells, or W B Cs)
–Platelets
what ion does PTC maintain homeostasis for
Ca2+
T/F - anterior pituitary consists of neural tissue
F - glandular tissue
what is the hematocrit?
what is permissiveness?
what is synergism?
–Permissiveness: one hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present
Synergism: more than one hormone produces the same effects on target cell, causing amplification
which component of hemoglobin gives the compound its red color? how many O2 binds to this?
iron, 4 O2
T/F the adrenal medulla is part of the nervous system?
T - part of the SNS
what is the most common type of glucocorticoid? what does this hormone do
cortisol
- increase blood glucose, fatty acids, amino acids
- prime metabolic effect is gluconeogenesis
- increase BP by enhancing vasoconstriction
list the 6 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?
–Growth hormone
–Thyroid-stimulating hormone (T S H) (tropic)
–Adrenocorticotropic hormone (tropic)
–Follicle-stimulating hormone (tropic)
–Luteinizing hormone (tropic)
–Prolactin
what is the function of ADH
–Targets kidney tubules to reabsorb more water to inhibit or prevent urine formation
what does EPO stimulate, where is it released?
stimulates formation of RBCs, released by kidneys
what is aldosterone?
what regulates it's secretion?
- most potent mineralocorticoid & stimulates Na+ reabsorption by kidneys
- RAAS
- concentration of K+
- ACTH
- ANP (atrial natruietic peptide)
what are the steps in hemostasis
–Step 1: Vascular spasm
–Step 2: Platelet plug formation
~ pos feedback cycle~platetes stick to collagen fibers
–Step 3: Coagulation (blood clotting)
~reinforces platelet plug with fibrin threads
what hormone does the pineal gland secrete? what does it affect
melatonin
- day/night cycles
- physiological processes that show rhythmic variations (body temp, sleep, appetite)
what does glucagon do
–Raises blood glucose levels by targeting liver to:
▪Break down glycogen into glucose
–Glycogenolysis
▪Synthesize glucose from lactic acid and other noncarbohydrates
–Gluconeogenesis
▪Release glucose into blood by liver cells
what are the WBCs that have visible granuloes called?
what are the WBCs that DO NOT have visible granuloes called?
Granulocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranulocytes - lymphocytes, monocytes
what are the 3 cardinal signs of diabetes Mellitus
–Polyuria: huge urine output
–Polydipsia: excessive thirst
–Polyphagia: excessive hunger and food consumption
what hormone is secreted by the heart? by the kidneys?
–Atrial natriuretic peptide (A N P) decreases blood N a+ concentration, therefore blood pressure and blood volume
–Erythropoietin signals production of red blood cells