Before the Revolution
Name ONE example showing Native American societies were advanced before European contact.
irrigation systems, trade networks, astronomy, sophisticated buildings, or writing?
What phrase summarized colonists’ objection to British taxes without a voice in Parliament?
“no taxation without representation”
Under the Articles of Confederation, what major financial power did Congress lack?
power to tax
What did Hamilton propose to help manage national debt and strengthen the economy?
national bank (or federal assumption of debt / taxes and tariffs)
What industry expanded in the North as factories and mills grew?
manufacturing (industrialization)
Spain pursued three major goals in the Americas. Name TWO.
God (religion), gold (wealth), and glory (power/prestige)
After the French and Indian War, what did the Proclamation of 1763 restrict?
colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains?
What agreement created a two-house Congress to address disagreements between large and small states?
Great Compromise
Which rebellion tested whether the new federal government could enforce a national tax?
Whiskey Rebellion
Name ONE transportation improvement that made shipping people or goods easier in the early 1800s.
canals, railroads, improved roads, or steamboats
What economic system required colonies to supply resources and trade mainly for the benefit of the mother country?
mercantilism
What action did colonists take to pressure Britain economically by refusing to buy its goods?
boycott
Which principle divides power between national and state governments?
federalism
What Supreme Court power was established by Marbury v. Madison?
judicial review
Why did many southern plantation owners oppose high tariffs?
tariffs made imported goods more expensive and seemed to benefit northern manufacturers
Why did tobacco and rice plantations increase the demand for labor in the Southern colonies?
large-scale cash-crop farming required many workers, leading to indentured servitude and enslaved labor?
How did the Stamp Act or other British taxes help turn colonial frustration into organized resistance?
colonists saw taxation without representation as unfair and organized protests, boycotts, and meetings?
Congress passes a bill and the president rejects it. What check on government power is being used?
presidential veto (checks and balances)
Why did Jefferson’s supporters object to Hamilton’s national bank?
favored a stricter reading of the Constitution and feared too much federal power
What did South Carolina claim it could do to a federal tariff it believed was unconstitutional?
nullify (reject) the federal law
A Native community loses land as European settlements expand. Explain ONE reason expansion created conflict.
settlers competing for Native land/resources and pushing Native nations from their homelands?
Britain had a stronger army and navy. Explain TWO advantages that helped Americans win the Revolution.
knowledge of the land, determination, flexible tactics, and French military or financial support
Why did events like Shays’ Rebellion convince some Americans that the Articles needed to be replaced?
weak national government struggled to respond to crises and maintain order
The Alien and Sedition Acts punished some criticism of federal officials. What tension did this reveal?
conflict between government authority/order and freedom of speech/individual liberty
Jackson argued that Indian removal would help states grow. Who would bear the major costs of this policy, and why?
Native American nations, because removal threatened their homelands, communities, and sovereignty