Experiments
Name the 4 expermental researches we discussed in class
nonexperimental, experimental, quasi-experimental, and pre experimental research.
Name the ways sampling bias occurs
-Volunteerism -the decision and willingness to to participate can affect the study.
-Specific real area- making sure you are not you receive samples from one area.
-Accidental samples or sample of convenience
Name the effect:
Important source of confounding
THE ATTENTION EFFECT
In the studies, worker productivity went up when lighting was decreased and then oddly when lighting was increased,too.
Results interpreted to mean that participants had not responded solely to the change in lighting but rather to the ATTENTION
of being observed by researchers.
The Hawthrone Effect
Which SSD has the following features?
-Family of single subject design strategies A refers to the non-treatment or control phase of the experiment
- While B refers to the treatment phase of the experiment. You could NOT use this design with a behavior that doesn’t reverse.
- There is a single subject on reversible behavior and a single setting
A-B-A withdraw designs
What threat to validity is being described?
Combined threat: Possible for subjects in one group to mature in ways pertinent to the variable measured
selection-maturation interaction
Which type of nonexperimental research looks to the past?
Causal-comparative or ex post facto studies
Which sampling method divides the population into strata.Then randomly select participants from each strata?
Stratified random sample
Determine the # of independent variables and levels of each: 3x6x9
3 IV
One IV has 3, one IV has 6, one IV has 9
What are three types of single-subject designs?
A-B-A withdraw design, multiple baseline design, alternating treatment designs
What does THIS MESS stand for?
Testing effects, history, instrumentation, selection-history interaction, maturation, experimental mortality, statistical regression, selection-maturation interaction
Which nonexperimental design has the following features?
-Nature is allowed to take it’s course Researcher is an observer
-Results may be obtained at a distant time in future - Participants tracked over time
Observational studies
What is the advantage of random sampling?
To get unbiased results
Experiments seek to generalize results
Name the reliability instruments
Test-rest reliability
Internal consistency reliability
Inter-rater or Interobserver Reliability
Parallel forms reliability
What are the advantages of SSD?
Well suited for exploring the effectiveness if events or interventions used in treating populations with disorder
Small numbers of subjects required
There is opportunity to explore treatment variables on the population requiring treatment
Doesn’t require statistical analysis - usually visual analysis enough
What threat to internal validity is the following?
An external but concurrent event to the experiment affects scored on a DV
History
Describe the features of pre experimental
-Limited value in Cause and effect relationship due to poor internal validity. Limited use.
-used alot in educational research
-one shot case study- one group that recieves treatment. No pretest
What kind of sampling measures all units within sampled clusters
Cluster sampling
What does ANOVA look at?
several levels of a single independent variable
Describe alternating treatments design
In this design the effect of two designs is compared
The subject is an alternating treatments design is given one of two treatments at each experimental session
Which treatment to use during a given session is determined randomly
Could b done by flipping a coin after assigning treatment 1 to heads and 2 to tails
What threat to internal validity is this?
Extremely high or low scores tend to “regress to” or move toward the mean the 2nd time they are measured
Statistical regression
Name this pattern
R O X O
R O C O
R X O
R C O
Solomon Randomized 4-Group Designs
Define systematic sampling
-Where every n-th individual selected.
-A probability sampling method where researchers select members of the population at a regular interval
Name the types of validity of tests
Judgemental
-content and face
Empirical
-predictive and concurrent
Judgemental-Empirical
-construct
What are the future of SSD?
-Typically used to study the behavioral change an individual exhibits as a result of some treatment
-Each participant serves as her or his own control
-There's 3 types
What threat to internal validity is this?
Differences in the characteristics of participants that confound the results-may have diff life experiences
Selection-history interaction