learning/conditioning
When we say that someone has learned something, we mean that:
that person’s behavior has been altered as a result of experience.
In classical conditioning, the process of repeatedly presenting a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus, leading to a decrease in the conditioned response, is known as:
extinction
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes the role of ____________ in cognitive development, highlighting the importance of social interaction and cultural influences.
Infant attachment styles are the result of:
Both parenting style and infant temperament.
Someone who is imaginative and willing to try new things would score high in the Big Five trait of:
openness
Toddlers who have learned to fear speeding cars may also fear speeding trucks and motorcycles
stimulus generalization
According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which stage typically occurs during adolescence and is characterized by the struggle to develop a sense of identity and self-concept?
identity vs role confusion
Jake has just graduated college. He is really excited about his future and is planning on taking a year to travel through southeast Asia before starting graduate school. He is optimistic and focused on his goals and living his best life. Jake is likely in what stage of development?
emerging adulthood
In the context of the experiments conducted by Mary Ainsworth, the _____ attachment style describes an infant who exhibits distress at his caregiver’s departure, but who is easily soothed on her return.
secure
What type of personality measurement is the Big Five Inventory?
self report
An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a dog treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. According to your textbook, the trainer is using the method of:
shaping
Nancy has a headache; because of this, she takes aspirin. Given that taking aspirin provided her relief, Nancy is more likely to take aspirin again. This is an example of:
negative reinforcement/positive reinforcement - could be an argument for both
The first two weeks of a pregnancy, from conception to implantation, are known as the _____ period.
germinal
According to Erikson, which is the first stage of a person’s psychosocial development?
Trust-versus-mistrust.
When Angela moved from one school to another she found it difficult to make friends. She observed the well-liked kids at school and emulated their behaviors, leading her to also be well liked by her new peers. Which theory best describes how Angela’s personality developed?
social learning
Sara says she always feels “her heart race” when she smells Old Spice fragrance, which she associates with her first love. In this example, Old Spice is:
conditioned stimulus
Classical conditioning is based off of __________ responses, while operant conditioning builds off of ____ actions.
involuntary, voluntary
Laura and Celia are identical twins. They were adopted at birth by different families and raised in different environments. However, there are a lot of behavioral similarities between them. In the context of developmental psychology, which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
Their similarities reflect the influence of nature on development
Dr. Plater believes that personality reflects responses to situations that have been reinforced over the course of our lives. Dr. Plater endorses the _____ approach to personality.
learning
When people use false but plausible excuses to justify their unacceptable behavior, they are using:
rationalization
you hit your brother, and your brother tells your mother. As a result, your mother sends you to your room. From then on, you stop hitting your brother. Your brother keeps telling on you whenever you do something he does not like. In this example, your behavior has been _____, and your brother’s behavior has been _____.
punished, reinforced
According to Skinner, people can become addicted to gambling because of the ___ schedule of reinforcement used by slot machines.
variable ratio
Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, from birth through adolescence?
Sensorimotor, preoperational,
concrete, and formal operational.
n Freud’s model of personality, the component of personality that operates according to the reality principle is the
ego
According to Allport, we have different traits that describe our personality. Part of his theory is that we all have a single characteristic that describes our overall personality, which he termed:
cardinal trait