Mutations
These two mutations can change the reading frame of DNA.
Insertion or deletion
This base pairing is the strongest with three hydrogen bonds present.
Cytosine-Guanine pairing
Meaning only 1 copy of a genome, the strains we use in complimentation are these kind of organisms when they haven't sexually reproduced.
Haploid
These proteins are found in many bacteria. They have the ability to cleave DNA at or near very specific, palindromic base sequences.
Restriction Enzymes
Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by this property.
Size
Beadle and Tatum used x-rays to mutant their strains of Neurospora. Biology today will commonly use one of these two methods for mutating:
UV radiation or Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)
Also, many more agents
Three base pairs together form one of these triplets. Corresponds to a specific amino acid.
Codon
When two strains do no compliment each other, we say that they are both in one of these.
Complimentation Group
A general term for when something can be in different forms. In genetics, this is used when there are alternative forms (alleles) of a chromosomal region.
Polymorphism
This method is used to amplify DNA
PCR
This kind of mutation changes one codon for a "synonymous" codon that will code for the same amino acid, therefore, these mutations are unknown to us unless we examine the DNA.
Silent Mutation
These are the the "shorter" base pairs, Cytosine and thymine (and uracil.)
Pyrimidines
The haploid fungus used in Beadle and Tatum's experiment.
Neurospora
When two individuals differ in a base pair within a greater common sequence, we identify this difference as one of these acronyms. In humans they are 1 in 1000 or rarer.
SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism)
The term used for when complementary nucleic strands from different sources combine together.
Hybridization
Transversion
This structure of DNA is made of strong covalent bonds that only enzymes can make.
Sugar-Phosphate backbone
What is formed when the haploid fungus used in complimentation experiments performs sexual reproduction.
Heterokaryon
Using the same restriction enzyme on alleles of the same gene may cause the enzyme to cut at different sites for each allele. The resulting sequences of varying sizes are called this acronym.
RFLPs (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism)
When double-stranded DNA is heated until it seperates, we call this melting, when the temperature drops a little, and strands combine together, we call this "----"
Annealing
This occurs when parts of nonhomologous chromosomes change place. This type of change is a lot greater than a simple insertion or deletion mutation.
Chromosomal Translocation
These are the two ends of a DNA single strand. Their "polarity." Certain enzymes, such as DNA polymerase, can only run from one pole to the other.
5' and 3'
(Easier than it should be) What could the mutant strains not make to survive on the minimal media?
Proteins => Enzymes
What bonds within DNA do restriction enzymes work on? (be specific, not just bond type)
Phospho-diester Bond
A RNA or DNA oligonucleotide that can serve as a template for DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase when annealed to a longer DNA molecule.
Primer