Joints
What are the three structural classifications of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?
Red bone marrow is the site of blood cell production. Yellow bone marrow is found in the medullary cavity of adults and is triglyceride(fat) storage
What are the four main properties of muscle tissue?
Electrical excitability- respond to stimulus
Contractility- can shorten and produce force
Extensibility- can extend and stretch
Elasticity- can return to their original shape ad size
Name and describe the three layers of the heart wall
Epicardium- thin outer layer of the heart, contains adipose tissue and blood vessels that supply the heart
Myocardium- thick middle layer, composed of cardiac muscle, and arranged in circular bundles
Endocardium- inner lining, composed of simple squamous epithelium, and it is continuous with vessels entering and exiting the heart
Name and describe the function of the three layers of a blood vessel from deep to superficial
Tunica Interna/Intima- anchors endothelium
Tunica Media- regulates vessel diameter, maintains blood pressure
Tunica Externa- contains nerves, provide support
What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?
Ligaments connect bone to bone. Tendons connect muscle to bone
Describe what an osteocyte, osteoblast, and osteoclast do
Osteocytes maintain bone tissue
Osteoblasts form bone extracellular tissue and build bone
Osteoclasts breakdown bone and function in resorption
What occurs at neuromuscular junction?
It is where the neuron and muscle fiber meet, and where muscle contraction begins with an influx of Na+
What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of ANS do in the heart?
Sympathetic nerves increase heart rate and release norepinephrine
Parasympathetic/Vagus nerve decreases heart rate and releases acetylcholine
What are the 5 main types of blood vessels and their functions?
Arteries- carry blood away from the heart
Arterioles- smallest arteries
Capillaries- smallest blood vessels, function in exchange
Venules- receive blood from capillaries
Veins- receive blood from venules, carry and move blood
What are the two layers of the articular capsule and which one secretes synovial fluid?
Fibrous membrane and synovial membrane. The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid
Describe an osteon
Circular shape running the length of bone, has blood vessels in the center
Compare and contrast anaerobic and aerobic cellular respiration
Anaerobic- does not require oxygen
----creatine phosphate is unique to muscles and converts ADP to ATP and has the fastest reactions
----glycolysis converts glucose to ATP and has a fairly quick reactions
Aerobic- requires oxygen from blood or store in myoglobin, the reactions occur in mitochondria, and has the slowest reactions
Name and describe the waves of an ECG
P Wave- atrial excitation, enlarged atria
QRS Wave- ventricular excitation and atrial relaxation, enlarged ventricles
T Wave- ventricular relaxation, insufficient oxygen
What type of blood vessel only has one layer? Which layer is it and why?
Capillaries only have one layer. They only have the tunica interna layer to allow a better exchange rate
Describe a labrum; what type of tissue it is made of, where it is found, and its function
A labrum is made of fibrocartilage, it is found at shoulder and hip joints, and its function is to create a better fit
Name and explain bone growth in length and width
Growth in length is called interstitial growth and occurs at the epiphyseal plate, it is changing cartilage into bone and occurs within the bone. Growth is width is called appositional growth and new material is being added to the surface, it is when osteoblasts are active
Name and explain all the parts of a sarcomere
Z disc- divides each sarcomere
A band- overlap of myosin and actin
I band- contains only actin, actin is from adjacent sarcomeres
H zone- contains only myosin
M line- center of sarcomere, anchors myosin
What is the flow of blood through the heart starting with the vena cavae?
Vena cavae to right atrium through tricuspid valve to right ventricle through pulmonary trunk into the lungs through pulmonary veins to left atrium through bicuspid valve into left ventricle to aorta and into the rest of the body
What are two "pumps" that help venous blood return to the heart?
Skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump
Describe 6 of the kinds of movements at a synovial joint
Gliding- back and forth, little change in angle
Flexion/Extension- decrease/increase in joint angle
Abduction/Adduction- movement away/toward midline
Internal/External Rotation- toward/away from midline
Circumduction- movement of distal joint in a circle
Inversion/Eversion- occurs at ankle
Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion- toes point up/down
Name and describe the 4 types of bone fracture
Compound Fracture- open and displaced fracture, one or both bones are exposed to the outside
Impacted Fracture- closed and non-displaced fracture, bones are shoved into one another
Comminuted Fracture- closed and displaced fracture, bone is in small pieces or splintered
Greenstick Fracture- partial fracture or bending, only occurs in children
Describe the process of muscle contraction
Name and describe the cardiac conduction system parts and functions
Sinoatrial Node- signal initiate atrial contraction
Atrioventricular Node- holds signal
Atrioventricular Bundle- path where signal travels from atria to ventricles
Right and Left Bundle Branches- signal travels toward the apex of the heart
Purkinje Fibers- rapidly conducts signal throughout the myocardium of ventricles then ventricles contract pushing blood upward and out
Name three veins that empty into the superior vena cava
Subclavian veins, jugular veins, and brachiocephalic veins