Organelles
How large is the average cell (range)?
1-100 micrometers
Model used to describe the plasma membrane of cells
Fluid mosaic model
Three continuous, overlapping phases of the cell cycle
Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
The three steps in a general cell signaling pathway
Reception, Transduction, Response
The purpose of cyclins and CDKs
Timing and coordination of the cell cycle
What is one caveat to studying organelles in isolation?
There is no guarantee that it will behave the same way in the test tube as in the cell
Two types of membrane proteins and where they are found
Integral (penetrate the hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer) and peripheral (loosely bind to the surface of the membrane)
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the most basic unit of life. 3. All cells arise from pre-existing, living cells
Two classes of signals and examples of each
Water-soluble (hydrophilic): peptide hormones, amino acids
Water-insoluble (hydrophobic): steroid hormones
Ligand gated ion channels are important in ___ signaling
Neuronal
Difference between smooth and rough ER
Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface and is responsible for protein synthesis
Smooth ER has no ribosomes and is responsible for synthesis of lipids
The fluidity of a membrane depends on ___
The type of fatty acid tails (saturated vs unsaturated) and the amount of cholesterol (temperature buffer)
End result of mitosis and meiosis
2 genetically identical cells; 4 genetically unique cells
Three types of signaling (are they each local or long-distance?)
Protein complex on the centromere of chromosomes where microtubules attach
Kinetochore
Function of Golgi apparatus and its different "faces"
Manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping. Cis-face (receiving side) vs trans-face (shipping side)
Channel and carrier protein
What makes homologous chromosomes homologous?
They have the same length, centromere position, banding patterns, and they look alike
Three types of membrane receptors
GPCR (G-protein coupled receptor), RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase), and Ligand-gated ion channels
Motor proteins and the microtubules they work with
Dynein and kinesin: microtubule
Myosin: actin
Different types of vacuoles and their functions
Food vacuole (formed by phagocytosis and is associated with lysosomes); contractile vacuole (regulating osmosis); central vacuole (holds reserves of important organic and inorganic molecules and storage of metabolic waste)
Both the discriminating nature of lipid bilayer and the specific transporter proteins built into the membrane
Phases of mitosis from beginning to end
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (and cytokinesis)
What allows for signal transduction from the receptor protein to the next intracellular molecules?
Conformational change of receptor protein
Second messengers generated that lead to calcium ion release
DAG and IP3