Bones and Joints
What sesamoid bone increases the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps?
Patella
What strap-like ligament on the medial side of the knee resists valgus stress?
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
Name one muscle responsible for knee flexion and its origin.
Hamstrings (e.g., Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus)
What injury occurs when the tendon connecting the gastrocnemius/soleus is completely torn?
Achilles tendon rupture
What is the primary function of the patella?
Increase the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps
Name the three bones that make up the pelvic girdle.
Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
Which set of ligaments provides medial stability to the ankle? (name them all)
Deltoid Ligaments: tibionavicular, anterior tibiotalar, tibiocalcaneal, posterior tibiotalar
What muscle is the primary hip extensor?
Gluteus Maximus
What condition is caused by inflammation of the plantar fascia?
Plantar fasciitis
What role do the hamstrings play in ACL injury prevention?
They prevent excessive anterior translation of the tibia
What is the name of the hinge joint with articulations between the tibia, fibula, and talus?
Talocrural joint (Ankle joint)
What are the lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle?
anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular
What muscle group is responsible for knee extension?
Quadriceps (Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius)
What knee injury is commonly associated with dynamic valgus during landing?
ACL tear
Why is the medial meniscus injured more frequently than the lateral meniscus?
It is more firmly attached to the tibia and less mobile
The femoral head inserts into what structure of the pelvis?
Acetabulum
What knee ligament prevents the tibia from sliding forward on the femur?
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
The tibialis anterior is responsible for which movement of the foot?
Dorsiflexion
A high ankle sprain involves damage to what ligament?
What type of ankle movement causes high ankle sprain
- Syndesmosis; Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL)
- Excessive dorsiflexion
How does Trendelenburg gait occur, and what muscle is involved?
Weak gluteus medius causes pelvic drop on the opposite side
What structure of the knee acts as a cushion between the femur and tibia and conforms to movement?
Menisci
What movement does the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) resist?
Prevents the tibia from sliding posteriorly (backward) relative to the femur.
Name the deep external rotator of the hip that can compress the sciatic nerve.
Piriformis
The patella is most likely to dislocate in this direction (medial or lateral)?
Lateral
What is one biomechanical mechanism that contributes to a non-contact ACL injury?
Dynamic knee valgus, extended knee and anterior translation of tibia relative to femur.