Chapter 6: Sensation & Perception
What is perception?
a "relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience"
the three main processes involved in memory.
What are encoding, storage, and retrieval?
understanding and managing emotions.
What is emotional intelligence?
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
What is motivation?
the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.
What is absolute threshold?
the type of conditioning used by Pavlov in his experiment with dogs.
What is classical?
the part of the brain that is essential for forming new explicit memories.
What is the hippocampus?
doing an activity or behavior to earn an external reward or to avoid a punishment, rather than for personal enjoyment or internal satisfaction.
What is extrinsic motivation?
a psychological theory proposed in 1943 that explains human motivation through a five-tier model.
What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
the amount of energy in a light wave or a sound wave, which influences the perception of brightness or loudness.
What is intensity?
the influences that impact behavior in operant conditioning.
What are consequences?
the mental grouping of similar objects, events, or ideas.
problem-solving process that generates many creative ideas and possible solutions from a single starting point.
What is divergent thinking?
the part of the brain that regulates the body’s hunger and eating behavior.
What is the hypothalamus?
the light-sensitive back inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones, plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.
What is the retina?
this happens when a behavior increases because it removes or stops an unpleasant condition.
this states that memories can be altered by misleading information.
What is the misinformation effect?
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly.
What is fluid intelligence?
the theory that we interpret our physical reactions as emotional experiences.
What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?
a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.
What is a cochlear implant?
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
What is a fixed-ratio schedule?
a quick mental shortcut used to make decisions.
What is an heuristic?
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills.
What is crystallized intelligence?
the theory that suggests people are motivated to maintain an internal state of balance.
What is the drive reduction theory?