Speciation
This occurs when there is no physical separation between individuals that become reproductively isolated.
What is sympatric speciation?
This is a macromolecule made up of DNA or RNA and proteins. Its functions are to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis and meiosis, and to serve as a mechanism to control expression. It is found within the cell nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
What is chromatin?
In order to start transcription, RNA polymerase must bind to this on the DNA molecule.
What is a promoter site?
This type of control occurs when regulatory proteins physically block RNA polymerase from reaching the gene during transcription.
What is negative control?
This is the idea that evolution occurs over long periods of little change interrupted by rapid, abrupt evolutionary changes.
What is punctuated equilibrium?
The major proteins in chromatin are known as these.
What are histones?
This is the portion of the DNA molecule where the repressor protein would bind to physically block RNA polymerase from transcribing the coding regions.
What is an operator?
This type of control occurs when regulatory proteins facilitate the binding of RNA polymerase thus enabling transcription to occur.
What is positive control?
Structures that are similar because of convergent evolution are known as these.
What are analogous structures?
This process releases DNA from the histone protein so that it can be transcribed by RNA polymerase.
What is histone acetylation?
These are regulatory proteins that influence the ability of RNA polymerase to bind to a promoter.
What are transcription factors?
Conjugation is the process by which bacteria transfer genetic material to each other through extra-chromosomal pieces of DNA called these.
What are plasmids?
The evolutionary history of a group of species is called this.
What is its phlogeny?
This process binds DNA more tightly to histone proteins so that transcription cannot occur.
What is histone methylation?
These are regulatory proteins that can occur far away on the DNA sequence from the transcription site.
What are enhancers?
Botanists estimate that this percent of all flowering plants are polyploid.
What is 70%?
These two types of barriers either prevent gametes from fusing with one another or prevent zygotes from becoming viable organisms.
What are prezygotic barriers and postzygotic barriers?
This is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes in the underlying gene sequence.
What is epigenetics?
This is the entire genetic unit that consists of the promoter, the operator, and the coding regions.
What is the operon?
Scientists believe the domestication of maize occurred around this many thousands of years ago.
What is 9000 years?