ENSO
conditions of el nino
warm water off of South America, more rainfall
What are the three types of waves
surface internal and air?)
transversal - side to side
longitudinal - push pull
orbital - combination circular
What is an ebb tide vs a flow tide.
Ebb tide - going from high to low tide (leaving bulge)
Flow tide - going from low to high tide (entering bulge)
How does urbanization affect flooding?
It occurs faster and more intensely than normal conditions
What is subsidence and what causes it? How is it different than the cone of depression?
Subsidence is the ground sinking from overdrawing water. The cone of depression is just the local water table lowering.
Southern oscillation index
El nino index
what do they measure
SO index - atmospheric pressure
Nino index - sea surface temperatures
Nino 4, 3, 1+2, 3.4
What two factors mainly control the size of wind driven waves
fetch(distance) and duration(how long the wind affects the distance)
need disturbing force
What is an amphidromic point?
Do many or few factors affect tide?
A point with little/no tide or variation
many (400?)
What are bars?
Sediment deposited in a river, make braided river
porosity vs permeability
porosity - holes
permeability - ability for fluid to travel through the rocks
What is walker circulation and how is it separate from the 3 cell model of atmospheric circulation
It switches and runs along the equator
What is stokes drift
the gradual movement of particles
What are the two tide generating forces
centripetal force (spinning)
gravitational force (moon +sun)
Describe how oxbow lakes form?
meandering river eventually gets cut off
vadose zone vs phreatic zone
vadose - subsurface above water table (not saturated)
phreatic zone - subsurface below the water table (saturated with water)
What is used to measure past enso events
sediment
coral
tree rings
ice cores
what are three types of waves as determined by their wavelength
gravity waves
white caps (steepness ratio 7:1) length to height
3 different types of tides
Semidiurnal - 2 high 2 low tide
diurnal - 1 high, 1 low
mixed
Name of the region of highest velocity in a river? How does this carve rivers?
what factors affect river velocity?
Thalweg. Outside there is erosion, inside edge of rivers there is deposition
Channel roughness and channel gradient (slope)
width - wider slower
depth - shallow slower
aquifers vs aquatards and how they make artesian wells
aquifers are rock that allow water to move
aquatards dont
artesian wells from groundwater under pressure
impacts of el nino
Impacts
Temp sensitive corals get decimated
Flattens thermocline
Primary productivity+marine life decreases
Tropical cyclones increase in eastern pacific
Rainfall increases in South America
saffir simpson scale
vs
beufort wind scale
hurricane intensity
wind +waves
How long is a lunar day
how long is the monthly tidal cycle
lunar day 24hr 50 minutes
tidal cycle - 29.5 days
What are the methods of transportation for sediment in a river?
Bed load
saltation
suspended
dissolved load
spring
gaining stream vs losing stream
spring - where water flows naturally from the ground
gaining - river being saturated from groundwater
losing - river losing water to groundwater