Learning
The acquisition, from experience, of new knowledge, skills, or responses that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner
What is learning?
A reaction that resembles a UR but is produced by a CS.
What is a conditioned response (CR)?
Germinal, embryonic, and fetal
What are the three stages of prenatal development?
Standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individual’s personality.
What is a projective technique?
Any stimulus/event that decreases the likelihood of the behavior that led to it.
What is a punisher?
The idea that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to happen again while behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
What is the Law of Effect?
The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
What is stimulus discrimination?
Study of continuity and change across the lifespan
What is developmental psychology?
Individual differences in characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking, and feeling.
What is personality?
Shifting your moral development from viewing rules as guidelines to expressions of more general principles.
What is Piaget's moral development stage; Prescriptions to Principles?
An example of this concept is when people whose houses are broken into often become hypersensitive to every sound they hear in their homes after that.
What is sensitization?
The phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together, which leads to a gradual increase in learning
What is acquisition?
A stage that most children are in where they view the morality of an action as primarily determined by its consequences for the actor.
What is the pre-conventional stage?
Focus on individuals as responsible agents, free to create their life while negotiating the issue of the meaning of life and the reality of death.
What is the existential approach?
Brain damage, brain pathologies, and pharmaceutical treatments that change brain chemistry.
What are things that can change an individual's personality?
A reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior.
What is an immediate reinforcer?
A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether it will repeat that behavior in the future
What is operant conditioning?
Children learn to reason about abstract concepts.
What is the formal operational stage?
The human motive toward realizing inner potential.
What is the self-actualizing tendency?
An example of this concept is: when a child learns that tugging their stuffed animal brings it closer to them, they assimilate this information to the world, they can use it in a novel situation, so the infant will deduce that “things come closer if I pull them”
What is assimilation?
A reinforcement schedule that rewards an unpredictable number of correct responses. (i.e. a slot machine)
What is a variable ratio schedule?
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until the learner has an incentive to demonstrate it.
What is latent learning?
When a caregiver returns, the infant cannot be calmed and might attempt to escape the mother.
What is (insecure) ambivalent attachment style?
Personality is formed by unconscious needs, strivings, and desires.
What is Freud's psychodynamic approach?
Component of personality developed through contact with the external world that enables us to deal with life’s practical demands.
What is the Ego?