Electron transport chain
This is the process in which ATP is formed by transferring electrons from NADH or FADH₂ to O₂.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Three ETC complexes pump protons; one does not. Name the one that does NOT pump.
What is Complex II?
The F₀ subunit of ATP synthase does this when protons move through it.
What is rotate?
ETC is tightly regulated by the level of this molecule, also called “respiratory control.”
What is ADP?
These lipids store fatty acids as uncharged esters in adipose tissue.
What are triglycerides?
This complex accepts electrons from NADH.
What is Complex I (NADH–Q oxidoreductase)?
The proton gradient creates both a pH gradient and this electrical phenomenon.
What is the transmembrane electrical potential?
The F₁ subunit converts ADP + Pi → ATP through these three conformations.
What are Loose, Tight, and Open states?
When ADP is low, this cycle (that feeds electrons into ETC) also slows down.
What is the Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)?
NADH oxidation to water releases this much free energy (ΔG°’) according to your
What is –220.1 kcal/mol?
This ETC complex is connected to the CAC because it contains succinate dehydrogenase.
What is Complex II (succinate–Q reductase)?
This term refers to the combined chemical + charge gradient created by proton pumping.
What is the proton motive force?
This rotational change in ATP synthase forces the binding site to release ATP.
What is the T → O transition?
ATP synthase and the ETC are linked only by this, not physically.
What is the proton motive force?
The ATP yield from oxidative phosphorylation is tightly linked to this ion’s gradient.
What is H⁺ (protons)?
These two molecules “ferry” electrons between ETC complexes.
What are ubiquinone (Q) and cytochrome c?
This is where protons accumulate during ETC.
What is the intermembrane space?
This protein prevents ATP synthase from running in reverse and hydrolyzing ATP when O₂ is missing.
What is Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1)?
The term describing tissues that heat themselves using mitochondrial uncoupling.
What is non-shivering thermogenesis?
This mobile carrier diffuses rapidly through the inner mitochondrial membrane due to its hydrophobicity.
What is ubiquinone (coenzyme Q)?
This is the final electron acceptor in the ETC.
What is molecular oxygen (O₂)?
These events occur when protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix.
What is ATP synthesis (via ATP synthase)?
IF1 dimerizes under this condition in the mitochondrial matrix.
What is low pH (due to loss of proton motive force)?
This protein allows protons to re-enter the matrix, producing heat instead of ATP.
What is UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1)?
The energy released during electron flow is used directly for this purpose in complexes I, III, and IV.
What is pumping protons (H⁺) across the membrane?