Assessment
Describe the difference between psychometric and descriptive assessments.
Psychometric
◦Imposes group criteria on an individual
◦Based on a norm (average performance level)
Descriptive
◦Can highlight individualistic nature of communicative functioning
◦Criterion-referenced – compares a child’s present performance to past performance
Identify and describe three of the scores you obtain from norm referenced tests
Raw scores - # correct or incorrect
Standard Scores (SS) - compares child’s score to the distribution of children the same age in the normative population
Mean - average
Standard Deviation - how far child’s score deviates from the mean
Percentile ranks - indicates % of children in the normative sample in a specific age range who earned a raw score lower than the target child
Age-equivalent scores - average age of children obtaining a raw score the same as the target child. The least reliable way to report scores - doesn’t tell you the range of scores that are WNL
Confidence Levels (confidence bands or confidence intervals) - the range of scores within which the individual’s true score falls
Identify the five components when assessing reliability and validity of a language sample
objectivity
productivity
intelligibility
representativeness
reactvity
Define presupposition
speaker’s assumption about the knowledge level of the listener and the tailoring of language to that supposed level
After 36 months of age what are our intentions in a conversation
expressing feelings
giving reason
hypothesizing
Describe the differences between norm and criterion referenced.
Norm:
Purpose is to identify individuals performing at various levels
Addresses a broad spectrum of content
Items distinguish among individuals
Performance is summarized using comparisons such as percentile or standard scores
Criterion:
Purpose is to describe specific levels of performance
Addresses a clearly defined specified aspect of language
Items cover aspects of language
Performance is summarized meaningfully using measures such as percent correct
Identify three variables when selecting an appropriate assessment.
Appropriateness for child
manner of presentation
type and sensitivity
What are the three problems which arise when discussing the representativeness of a language sample
Spontaneity
Variability of the context and stimulus items
Stability of the structure/function sampled
Describe socail v. non social speech
Social speech: is addressed explicitly to and adapted for a listener
Nonsocial speech: is not addressed explicitly to a listener and the listener has no obligation to respond
What type of language sampling is done with adolescents
Expository discourse
Define reliability and identify the five types
Is the accuracy or precision with which a sample of language taken at one time represents performance of either a different but similar sample or the same sample at a different time
Internal consistency
test retest
alternate form
split half
interjudge
Identify an advantage and disadvantage of descriptive approaches.
Advantage: flexibility, can gather information on use, content, and form and needed and used in daily life
Disadvantage: reliability and valdiity, time, expertise
Describe cultural competence and the difference between accent and dialect
Encompasses cultural awareness, cultural sensitivity, cultural tolerance and an understanding of how the cultural idiosyncrasies of a given population affect their communication interactions, perception of disability, and overall health status
Accent: speech
Dialect: rules, language, speech
describe the difference in conversation and topic initiation
gain listener’s attention, greet the listener, and clearly state the topic of conversation
Once a conversation has been initiated, the participants negotiate the topics
Topic: is subject matter being discussed
Describe situations which have the potential to elicit language
imaginary play
dress up
playing school
play house
farm
dolls or puppets
role playing
simulations
Define validity and identify the three types
Is a measure of the test’s ability to assess what it purports to assess
criterion
content
construct
Identify and describe the components of a integrated functional assesment strategy
CAregiver interview
observation
formal testing
language sample
What is the main goal of a language sample
collect not correct
Describe three conversational techniques
answering responding
calling greetng
continuance
expressing feelings
making choices
hypothesizing
predicting
protesting
reasoning
repeating
replying
reporting
requesting
provide an example of alternate form reliability, interjudge reliability, and criterion validity
Alternate form: test form a and b
interjudge: screening accuracy to ensure you both agree before going off on your own
criterion: kindergarden readiness
Describe the pitfalls of testing
test differences
content (relevance and coverage)
test situation
Use of scores
use of inappropriate norms
Describe how to do a type token ratio and explain why it provides useful information
# different words / total words
Diversity of words used by the child during a language sample:
Semantics
Identify and describe three of the sampling contexts for children
free play
script play
story retelling
conversation
elicited description
What components do you analyze in an individuals conversational abilities?
Comversation initiation
COnversation maintenance
topic initiation
topic maintenance
turn taking
manner
subject matter
orientation
request for repair
What is my son's full name?