Protestant Reformation
What war began in 1618 and ended in 1648?
On the surface, it was a war between Catholics and Protestants, but deeper analysis reveals political motivations and international conflict behind the religious factions.
It witnessed 8 million deaths as a result.
In a way it "ended" the Protestant Reformation, because sweeping religious reform was passed throughout Europe, establishing religious tolerance towards Protestants.
30 Years war.
What royal family spread their members around Europe through cordial marriages.
They were the ruling authority of the Holy Roman Empire and continued to support the Roman Catholic Church.
Charles I and Charles V were the most influential Kings during this time period.
This family was also incredibly inbred and thus physically deformed and clinically insane.
What two cultures are given a "rebirth" during the Renaissance?
And in what areas of life do we see these cultures replicated?
Greece and Rome
Architecture, visual art (paintings, sculptures, etc.), liberal arts (history, literature, classics)
The Scientific Revolution emphasized reason and the systematic observation of what?
Scientists looked to this to help drive inquiry and thought-processes.
The systematic observation of nature
By observing nature and the "natural phenomena" within nature (stars - astronomy, plants - biology, things falling to the ground - gravity, etc.), scientists were able to formulate mathematical equations, different disciplines, and back up their theories with calculations.
This exchange of agricultural goods, animals, and diseases, occurred after Christopher Columbus made landfall in the Americas.
This centuries long exchange resulted in the decimation of plant and animal species and the homogenization (making one) of the Americas and Europe.
Columbian Exchange
During the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation, there is a subtle, yet significant, growth in what type of class?
Middle or Merchant class
This "spy-agency" was a powerful office set up within the Catholic Church to root out and punish heresy throughout Europe and the Americas.
Their main goal was to prevent the spread of Protestant ideas among additional people and to convince the dissenter to return to the true Christian faith, Catholicism.
The Inquisition
Instead of printing the Bible, history books, newspapers, and other generic writings in strictly Latin, the invention of the printing press, and also through Martin Luther's leadership position in the Protestant Reformation, books began to be printed in what language(s)
Local Vernacular
"Peasant Languages"
English, German, French
The great gift of the S.R. is the falsifiable nature of experimentation.
This means that through science we can prove whether things are true or false about the universe.
Using what technique or process, how did the scientists of the S.R. challenge preconceived notions of natural phenomena and the universe?
Scientific Method
Instead of straight-up colonizing SE Asia with a large influx of people from Europe, as they did in the Americas, European states instead set up this in an effort to exploit the economies and natural resources of SE Asian countries.
Establishment of Trading Companies
Two answer response.
It was restrictive, tailored to meet the church’s needs, and used as a control mechanism by the Catholic Church. Essentially a loan with an extremely high-interest rate.
Payment for the remission of punishment caused by sin. Catholic Church manipulated people into paying money for forgiveness.
1. Usury
2. Indulgence
What Council reaffirmed most church doctrine and practices, offering very little concrete reform and de-corruption.
Council of Trent
Which one of our "isms" or Renaissance Philosophies was first?
All other philosophies branched off from this particular philosophy.
Its purpose was to challenge the Catholic Church's authority and grant much needed agency and authority to Human beings, rather than to religious figures and the afterlife.
Humanism
Which one of our "isms" did the scientific revolution stress the most?
Rather than collective authority providing wisdom and answers, intellect became much more important .
Individualism
As a result of European diseases and warfare in the Americas, the Native American population diminished dramatically (somewhere between 50-90%).
Thus, the initial slave labor for European Plantations in the Americas literally died off.
As a result, what system was set up to bring in a new enslaved labor force to grow cash crops on European Plantations in the Americas?
This new enslaved labor force came from Africa. But what region in Africa specifically did this new enslaved labor force come from?
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade (TAST)
West and West-Central Africa
In what European country does the Protestant Reformation begin? Who "starts" it?
Who spreads the Protestant Reformation to France?
Germany (Holy Roman Empire), Martin Luther
John Calvin spreads the P.R. to France
This was the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation.
The Catholic Church attempted to provide reform in response to the Protestant Reformation's protests, however they largely fell short.
Catholic Reformation
or Counter Reformation
The Ottoman Empire seized control of Constantinople (the long-standing capital of the Byzantine Empire) in 1453, this prompts (forces) what two European countries to attempt to find an alternate maritime trade route to India/China/far east?
And which directions do the two countries take?
Spain: sails west across the Atlantic and Christopher Columbus accidentally stumbles upon the Americas.
Portugal: successfully sails around the southern tip of Africa (cape of Good Hope), hugging the eastern coast of Africa, and crossing the Indian Ocean.
Which two Frenchmen are credited with developing the scientific method?
They emphasized the accurate measure of data and research.
Rene Descartes
Francis Bacon
How were the social class structures and different cultures of the Americas set-up?
Because so many colonists migrated from their parent country in Europe, the structure of the colonies mimicked the cultural and social patterns of their parent country.
Which prominent leader of the Reformation used his authority to appropriate (seize/take) lands and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England and redistribute those lands and wealth to his supporters?
King Henry VIII
After more than 30 years of war between Catholics and Protestants, the Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots some freedom of worship through what legislation?
This edict was a display of "civil unity"
Edict of Nantes
The Western numeral system is based off of Arabic Numerals which are based off of Hindi numerals.
Where does the concept of zero come from?
India
Hindi numeral system
Buddhist belief symbolizing the void or the negation of the self.
What is the Ptolemaic System?
This system dominated scientific thought for 1500 years until Copernicus proposed his model of a heliocentric universe.
Ptolemy was a Greek philosopher and scientist who proposed the Geocentric model of the universe.
In short, the Ptolemaic system was the long-standing belief, supported by the Catholic Church, that the Earth was at the center of the universe and that all celestial bodies (planets, sun, stars) orbited the Earth in perfect circles.
What Meso-American (middle America) Empire used war as a unification and centralization process.?
They used Tribute, or payment from conquered peoples to build up their Capital city, Tenochtitlan.
Intelligent agriculturists; manipulated the land into artificial islands made from mud and reeds called, chinampas.