genetics + nature/nurture
What is the difference between nature and nurture? Give an example.
Nature = genetics
Nurture = environment
student example
Give an example of temperament
student example
the cognitive understanding that objects and people continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched
sensorimotor stage
What are the four main theories of motivation?
Instinct theory
Drive-reduction theory
Arousal theory
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Describe evolutionary psychology
a theoretical approach that studies human behavior, cognition, and emotion through the lens of evolutionary biology
Behavioral geneticists study genes and the environment and look into how behaviors are inherited. Evolutionary psychologists study evolution and adaptation.
define developmental psychology
the scientific study of how and why humans grow, change, and adapt across their lifespan, from conception to death
Define Piaget's Stages
Sensorimotor: 0-2, learns through senses and actions
Preoperational: 2-7 years; develops language and uses symbols; difficulty understanding conservation and logic
Concrete operational: 7-11; thinks more logically about concrete events; understands conservation
Formal Operational: 12+; develops abstract and hypothetical thinking; thinks about future and moral issues
Using arousal theory, give an example of a motivational situation
A student who feels bored while studying might listen to upbeat music
student example
explain the differences between longitudinal studies and cross-sectional studies. Give examples
Longitudinal studies track the same subjects over an extended period to analyze changes over time and establish causality, whereas cross-sectional studies analyze data from different individuals at a single, specific point in time to identify trends
student examples
Claire shares 50% of her DNA with her sister. What kind of siblings are they?
Trick question! They can be fraternal twins or regular siblings.
Explain the differences between zygote, embryo, and fetus
A zygote is the single-celled, fertilized egg; an embryo (weeks 3–8) is the rapidly dividing, implanted cell cluster forming organs; and a fetus (week 9–birth) is the developing human focused on growth and refinement
What is scaffolding according to Vygotsky?
peer/mentor/parent providing support to help a learner master a task they cannot yet do independently.
Explain intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation and give examples
Intrinsic = Inside (I enjoy doing it!)
Extrinsic = External (I get something for doing it!)
student examples
Katie whispers while she is in a library. What is this an example of?
injunctive norms
Maddie's grandmother went through an extreme period of stress while she was pregnant. This caused both Maddie and her mother to suffer from higher levels of anxiety. Maddie jokes the stress turned on her own stress. This is an example of...
epigenetics
What are the types of attachment?
secure, avoidant, anxious, disorganized
Choose two of Erikson's phases and give scenarios for one
student examples
Define self-efficacy
Belief in one’s ability to perform a specific task
How do longitudinal studies and cross-sectional studies look at different things? How are they important for twin studies?
longitudinal studies examine change over time, while cross-sectional studies examine differences at one point in time. Longitudinal studies examine how genetic and environmental influences affect twins as they grow older. Cross-sectional studies examine how identical and fraternal twins differ or resemble one another at a particular point in time.
Define social learning theory
people learn new behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions by observing and imitating others, rather than relying solely on direct experience or conditioning
Define every pareting style
Authoritative: demanding, sensitive, and responsive
Authoritarian: stern, punitive, demanding
Permissive: doesn't enforce limits, sensitive, responsive
Negligent: doesn't enforce limits, stern, and punitive
What are Erikson's stages of development?
Stage 1: 0-1, trust vs. mistrust
stage 2: 1-3, autonomy vs. shame/doubt
stage 3: 3-6, initiative vs. guilt
stage 4: 7-11, industry vs. inferiority
stage 5: 12-1, identity vs. confusion
stage 6: 19-29, generativity vs. stagnation
stage 7: 30-64, generativity vs. stagnation
stage 8: 65+, integrity vs. despair
Using drive-reduction theory, give an example of a motivational situation
A person feels hungry because their body needs food
student example
What is the chameleon effect? What is an example?
Unconscious mimicry of others’ expressions, postures, or behaviors.
student example