Fluids/Electrolytes
8.6-10.2 mEq/L is the normal level of what electrolyte
what is calcium
chest pain from reduced coronary flow is known as
angina pectoris
what medications would you expect to see your hospitalized patient on to prevent blood clots
heparin or lovenox
what populations are most at risk for CHF
african american, overweight, HX of MI, congenital heart defects
is the primary symptom of peripheral atherosclerosis
pain
cations carry a ---- charge and anions carry a ------ charge
cations positive, anions negative
name atypical symptoms a women having an MI may present with
epigastric pain, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, SOB, fatigue, weakness of shoulders and upper arms
your patient was diagnosed with a DVT and placed on a heparin drip- what are some things you would be mindful of?
fall risk, risk of bleeding, monitoring lab levels, blood in urine, bloody nose, bleeding gums, watch for bruising
what symptoms might you expect to see in a small child with CHF that you would necessarily see in an adult
poor growth and feeding, also excessive sweating, trouble breathing and low BP
what is the disorder of inadequate venous return over a prolonged period-long term condition that occurs because of a vein blockage or valve leakage in the leg veins that makes it difficulty for blood to return to the heart
chronic venous insufficiency
what type of solution as the same osmolality as as body fluids
this type of angina occrus with increasing frequency, may occur at rest, and can mean the patient is at risk for an MI
what is unstable angina
name 3 risk factors for DVT
venous injury, cancer, surgery, pregnancy and delivery, oral contraceptives or HRT, clotting disorders, obesity, family history,
what stage of heart failure has mild symptoms and some physical limitation
stage 2
what might you expect the legs of someone with PVd to look like
pale when elevated, dark when dependent, thin, shiny, hairless, thick toenails, skin breakdown, ulceration, edema in severe cases
solutes, cations and anions make up this type of fluid
intracellular fluid
early menopause and oral contraceptive use
your patient complains of calf pain and tenderness after recently traveling cross county, what type of imaging do you expect the provider to order
venous duplex (ultrasound)
what hormone is released by the heart in response to increased pressure or volume and is a commonly used lab level to monitor severity of CHF
BNP
these groups are more likely to develop PVD
adults over 80, men over women, african american >hispanic, caucasian
what is the most abundant cation in the extra cellular fluid
what is sodium (Na+)
what is the first line drug used to treat stable angina
beta-adrenergic blockers (end in lol)
name the 3 components of virchows triad
circulatory stasis, vascular damage, hypercoagulability
what diet modification might you expect to see ordered for your CHF patient
low sodium diet and fluid restriction
what is the difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis: thickening, loss of elasticity and calcification of arterial walls
Atherosclerosis: form of arteriosclerosis in which deposits of fat and fibrin obstruct and harden the arteries