Biomolecules
This biomolecule is the quickest energy source because its monomers can be rapidly broken down.
What are carbohydrates?
Enzymes function by lowering this requirement in chemical reactions.
What is activation energy?
Prokaryotes lack these two major cell structures.
What are nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
mRNA is made from DNA during this process.
What is transcription?
Name the organelle where photosynthesis occurs.
What is the chloroplast?
These biomolecules speed up reactions, transport molecules, and provide structural support.
What are proteins?
A change in pH can do this to an enzyme’s active site.
What is denature or change its shape?
The organelle responsible for making ATP.
What is the mitochondrion?
Ribosomes read mRNA in 3-base segments called this.
What are codons?
Water moves toward the side with higher solute, a process known as…
What is osmosis?
These biomolecules are hydrophobic and make up cell membranes.
What are lipids?
Enzymes are highly specific. Explain what determines which substrate an enzyme can bind.
The shape and chemical properties of the active site determine substrate specificity.
DNA is duplicated during this part of the cell cycle.
What is the S phase?
tRNA carries this to the ribosome.
What are amino acids?
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration through a protein channel.
What is facilitated diffusion?
DNA and RNA belong to this biomolecule group that stores genetic information.
What are nucleic acids?
Why does increasing enzyme concentration increase reaction rate only if substrate is abundant?
More enzymes create more available active sites — but only if there is enough substrate to fill them.
These structures pull chromosomes apart during mitosis.
What are spindle fibers?
DNA replication is considered semiconservative because of this reason.
Each new DNA molecule has one old strand and one new strand.
This type of active transport uses ATP to move ions against their gradient.
What is a protein pump?
The monomer of carbohydrates is called this.
What is a monosaccharide?
Explain why enzymes can be reused but substrates cannot.
Enzymes are unchanged after reactions; substrates are converted into new products.
Explain why mitosis produces genetically identical cells.
DNA is replicated exactly and separated equally into daughter cells.
Explain why the order of bases in DNA matters for protein function.
It determines the order of amino acids, which determines protein shape and function.
Explain why the mitochondria’s inner membrane is highly folded.
More folds = more surface area = more electron transport chains = more ATP.