Body Tissues
What are the 4 kinds of body tissues
Epithelium
Muscle
Nervous
Connective
What are the two major types of stem cells?
Embryonic stem cells (ES cells)
Tissue stem cells (adult stem cells)
What is paracrine signaling
Cells in just the immediate vicinity are affected
Can proteosomes breakdown proteins fully
No
What does the golgi apparatus do?
Processing and packing of secretory proteins
Where is smooth muscle located?
Walls of hollow organs
What are the stages of the cell cycle
G1 presynthetic growth
S DNA synthesis
G2 premitotic growth
M mitotic
What is autocrine signaling
Occurs when molecules secreted by a cell affect that same cell
Define endocytosis and exocytosis
Endocytosis = process of bringing a substance into the cell
Exocytosis = release of materials from the cell inside to outside
What is function of the plasma membrane?
protection and nutrient acquisition
What is simple columnar epithelium function and where is it found?
Fxn: absorption, secretion of mucus and enzymes
found in digestive tract, gallbladder
What is asymmetric division?
One daughter cell enters a differentiation pathway and gives rise to mature cells, while the other remains undifferentiated and retains its self-renewal capacity
What are the 3 basic types of cell junctions
Occluding/tight junctions
Anchoring junctions/desmosomes
Communicating/gap junctions
What are the two types of lysosomal degradation?
Heterophagy and autophagy
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Provide mechanical support and helps cells maintain shape, polarity, and internal organization
What is the function of fibrocartilage and where is it found?
Fxn: absorbs shock
found in discs
What are the 3 properties of stem cells?
clonogenic
multipotent
What's the difference between intracellular receptors and cell-surface receptors?
Intracellular receptors: transcription factors that are activated by lipid-soluble ligands that can easily cross the plasma membrane
cell surface receptors: transmembrane proteins with extracellular domains that bind soluble secreted ligands
What must happen for a protein to be degraded by proteosomes?
Must be tagged with ubiquitin
What is the specialized ER in muscle cells called?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
What type of epithelium does columnar epithelium change to in chronic smokers? (metaplasia)
Squamous epithelium!
because functions to better protect the respiratory tract from smoke
Which tissue stem cells are the most studied?
Hematopoietic stem cells
What are the three types of cytoskeletal proteins
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Actin filaments
What is the difference between heterophagy and autophagy
Heterophagy is the lysosomal degradation of contents from outside of the cell
Autophagy is the lysosomal degradation of senescent organelles or denatured proteins (intracellular contents)
What do chaperones do?
Retain proteins in the ER until protein folding is complete