Definition
Disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels which includes diseases like coronary artery disease, hypertension, heart failure, stroke and peripheral artery disease.
What are Cardiovascular diseases?
Develop from atherosclerosis, a progressive buildup of plaques within arterial walls that restrict blood flow
What is the pathological basis of cardiovascular diseases?
Exhibit a variable duration of action based on their specific pharmacokinetics
What is the duration of action of ACE Inhibitors?
Typically administered at fixed doses due to their linear pharmacodynamics and predictable dose/response relationship.
What is the dosing for Direct Oral Anticoagulants?
small-molecule inhibitors that act directly on proteases in the common pathway of coagulation.
What are direct oral anticoagulants?
Directly target Thrombin or Factor Xa.
What is the mechanism of action of direct oral anticoagulants?
Inhibition occurs within hours but maximal LDL-C reduction is seen in 2-4 weeks
What is the onset of action of Statins?
follows a "start low and go slow" approach, initiated at a low dose and carefully titrated upward based on individual patient response, clinical condition (hypertension, heart failure, or chronic kidney disease), and tolerance.
How is the dosing of ACE Inhibitors determined?
a class of drugs that primarily lower blood pressure and mitigate adverse cardiac remodeling by targeting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).
What are ACE Inhibitors?
Binds to and inhibit the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. Inhibiting the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate. Thereby reducing cholesterol levels.
How do Statins work to lower cholesterol levels?
is rapid, typically occurring within 1-2 hours as peak plasma concentrations are reached; however, the full therapeutic benefits on cardiac and renal function develop over several weeks.
What are ACE Inhibitors onset of action?
varies based on individual risk factors, following a risk-based guideline approach.
What is the dosing of Statins?
class of drugs, known as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, primarily used to lower LDL cholesterol and mitigate the risk of cardiovascular disease.
What are statins?
inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to the potent hormone angiotensin II.
What is the mechanism of ACE inhibitors?
develop from atherosclerosis, a progressive buildup of plaques within arterial walls that restrict blood flow.
How do cardiovascular diseases develop?
Hypertension, dyslipidemia (↑LDL, ↓HDL), diabetes, obesity, smoking, poor diet, and physical inactivity
What are the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases?