General Information
Blood Vessels
The Heart
The Blood
Blood Types
100
What are the three main functions of the circulatory system?
Deliver needed substances to cells, carry waste products away from cells, transport cells that fight disease
100
In general, what do arteries, veins, and capillaries do?
Arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart, veins carry blood TOWARDS the heart, and capillaries allow the materials in the blood to EXCHANGE with the body's tissues.
100
Identify the four chambers of the human heart.
The four chambers are: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle (REMEMBER THAT IT IS ANATOMICAL RIGHT AND LEFT).
100
Identify the four main components of the blood.
Plasma (the fluid portion), red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
100
State the antigens for each of the four major blood types: A, B, AB, O.
Antigens are proteins on the surface of the red blood cell that identify the cell. The antigen is always exactly the same as the blood type. Therefore: A blood has A antigen B blood has B antigen AB blood has A and B antigens O blood has no A or B antigens
200
The chambers of the heart that receive blood from the body are called ___________, while the chambers that pump blood to the body are called ____________.
atria (singular, atrium)/ventricles
200
Why are arteries at the greatest risk for aneurysm?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart, so they are the first vessels to receive the blood once it leaves the heart. Since the heart is the primary source of blood pressure, this means that the blood in the arteries is under the greatest pressure. If this pressure is too high, it can damage, balloon, or even burst arteries, a condition called an aneurysm.
200
Identify the four valves of the human heart.
The four valves are: tricuspid valve, bicuspid valve, pulmonary valve, aortic valve.
200
If a patient were unable to transport oxygen within their blood, the cell that is most likely affected would be:
The red blood cell, since it is tasked with picking up O2 in the lungs, and distributing it throughout the body.
200
State the ANTIBODIES for each of the four major blood types: A, B, AB, O.
Antibodies are immune factors that circulate in the blood plasma. Antibodies are always EXACTLY THE OPPOSITE of the blood type. Therefore: A blood has anti-B antibodies B blood has anti-A antibodies AB blood has no anti-A or anti-B antibodies O blood has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
300
The four valves of the heart are:
Tripcuspid valve ("r" in tricupsid, "r" for right side of heart), bicuspid valve, aortic valve, pulmonary valve
300
A patient has develop a disease which interferes with their body's ability to move carbon dioxide from the tissues into the bloodstream. Which type of blood vessel is most likely affected? Why?
This sounds like a capillary disorder. Capillaries are microscopic vessels which allow the materials in the blood and tissues to exchange. Since the problem here is that CO2 cannot leave the tissues to enter the blood, it sounds like a capillary issue.
300
For each of the four major blood vessels, identify which chamber of the heart they connect to: Superior Vena Cava; Pulmonary Artery, Pulmonary Vein, Aorta.
The Superior Vena Cava returns blood from the body to the heart, so it connects to the RIGHT ATRIUM. The Pulmonary Artery carries blood AWAY from the heart to the lungs, so it connects to the RIGHT VENTRICLE. The Pulmonary Veins carry blood TOWARDS the heart from the lungs, so they connect to the LEFT ATRIUM. Finally, the aorta is the largest artery in the body, carrying blood away from the heart to all of the other tissues of the body. It connects to the LEFT VENTRICLE.
300
Leukemia is a disorder in which the blood cells that fight infection become too numerous, causing major problems for the body. For this reason, leukemia would most likely affect what type of blood cell?
The cells in the blood that fight infection are the white blood cells.
300
Jose has blood type B, while Ana has blood type O. Is it safe to give Jose Ana's blood? Explain.
O is the universal donor, so it is safe to give it to anyone, including Jose. Alternatively, you could explain that while B blood has anti-A antibodies, there are no antigens on the surface of the O blood to react against. Therefore, it is safe to transfuse.
400
If the bicuspid valve were to leak, in which chamber of the heart would blood most likely pool?
Since bicuspid valve is between left atrium and left ventricle, and since blood should flow from LA --> LV, if valve were to fail, blood will pool in left atrium.
400
A disease causes the capillary wall to become three times as thick. How would this impact the body?
Capillaries allow the exchange of materials between the blood and the rest of the body. If the capillary wall were to become thickened, it would SLOW DOWN (but probably not stop) the exchange of materials. As a result, over time, the body could become malnourished, or even toxic as wastes build up.
400
Describe the flow of blood through the human heart, starting from the right atrium. Be sure to identify all CHAMBERS and VALVES.
Blood returns to the heart from the body at the RIGHT ATRIUM. From there it passes through the TRICUSPID VALVE into the RIGHT VENTRICLE. It leaves the RV, passes through the PULMONARY VALVE, and goes to the lungs. In the lungs, it picks up O2. It returns to the LEFT ATRIUM. It passes through the BICUSPID VALVE into the LEFT VENTRICLE. From there it passes through the AORTIC VALVE and out to the rest of the body.
400
Predict the effect of having too few platelets in your blood.
Platelets are cell fragments which assist the body in clotting when an injury occurs. If a person had too few platelets, it stands to reason that they would not be able to effectively clot their blood upon injury. This could lead to excessive bleeding.
400
John is type AB+, while Mary is type A-. Is it safe to give Mary's blood to John?
AB+ is the true universal recipient, and can therefore receive blood from anyone in the world. Therefore, it is safe to give Mary's blood to John. Alternatively, you could explain that since John is AB+, he has no anti-A, anti-B, or anti-Rh antibodies, and therefore will not reject ANY blood.
500
If Loop 1 were to work, but Loop 2 did not, describe how the body would be affected.
Loop 1 is the trip from the heart to the lungs and back. Loop 2 is the trip from the heart to the BODY and back. Therefore, if Loop 1 worked, but Loop 2 did not, the blood would be able to get to the lungs and become oxygenated, but it could not reach the tissues of the body. Therefore, the tissues would get less and less oxygen until they became sick or even died.
500
In varicose veins, the valves inside of veins fail. Predict AND EXPLAIN where varicose veins would be most likely to occur.
Valves are one of several methods that the body uses to direct the blood back towards the heart. Others include skeletal muscle contraction and breathing. The most difficult trip for the blood is the return route from the lower body to the heart. This trip requires that the blood most against the force of gravity. Therefore, if the valves were to fail, swelling, discomfort, and even damage to the veins of the legs is most likely.
500
Compare and contrast a hemorrhagic stroke with an ischemic (is-KEY-mic) stroke.
Hemorrhage is a fancy word for bleeding. In a hemorrhagic stroke, a blood vessel in the brain bursts. This causes a dangerous build-up of pressure inside the skull, as the cranial cavity fills with blood. Additionally, since the blood vessel is no longer working, any brain tissue beyond the broken blood vessel will not get blood, causing it to die. This is the least common, but most dangerous type of stroke. In an ischemic stroke, a blood vessel in the brain is blocked. There is no leaking of blood into the cranial cavity, so there is no dangerous build-up of pressure. However, any tissue beyond the blocked blood vessel is at risk of death, because it will not be getting blood.
500
Explain what happens in a heart attack.
In a heart attack, the blood vessels that feed the heart wall (coronary arteries) become blocked. Therefore, no blood is able to reach the heart wall, causing it to die. If too great an area of the heart wall is affected, the heart will fail, resulting in cardiac arrest (the heart stops). This is called a heart attack.
500
List all the possible blood types (+ and -, too!) that a person with blood type A+ could receive.
A person with type A blood can receive A or O blood. A person who is + can receive + or - blood. Therefore, a person who is A+ can receive: A+, A-, O+, O-.
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