Cognitive Biases
Ex. An example for ……….. may be when someone is given a non-alcoholic beverage, but told to that it does contain alcohol and they act like an intoxicated person would.
Placebo effect
This term describes an argument in which if all the premises are true the conclusion must also be true
A valid argument
What is called the effect that states the more you know, the less confident you are likely to be
(Dunning-Kruger effect)
This type of reasoning moves from specific observations to broader generalization.
What is inductive reasoning ?
This is the first section of a classical argument, it is where you introduce the topic and where you provide the background information.
Introduction (Exordium)
An example for ……….. can be when you see a physically attractive person and immediately believe they are generous or smart
Halo effect
This type of argument has true premises but the conclusion is one that is more likely than not to be true.
A strong argument
________ causes you to see the past as better than it was and expect the future to be worse than is likely.
(Declinism)
In this type of reasoning,if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
Deductive reasoning
In a classical argument this section is known for presenting the main claim and the position you are arguing for.
Thesis (Propositio)
An example for ………. can be when someone has to get up in front of people to speak, but is underprepared and is worried they are being judged by everyone.
Spotlight effect
What is the difference between a strong argument and a valid argument?
Valid arguments are deductive, strong arguments are inductive.
This effect occurs when you allow yourself to be unduly influenced by context and delivery.
(Framing effect)
This famous example of inductive reasoning involves observing only white swans and concluding that all swans are white.
The “white swan” Problem ?
For this part of a classical argument it anticipates and addresses possible counterarguments that could be used against you.
Refutation (Refutatio)
An example for ………. can be when a student gets a bad grade and she blames it on her teacher not liking her.
Self-serving bias
This type of argument is both valid and has all true premises
a sound argument
Finishing the movie because you already paid for the ticket, even though you don't like it is an example for ………
(Sunk cost fallacy)
This type of deductive reasoning follows the format: If A, then B is true. There, B is true.
Modus Ponens
The whole of the classical argument method has roots in the works of an ancient Greek philosopher, named this philosopher.
Aristotle
This bias leads you to favor and trust those who belong to your group.
in-group bias
This term describes an argument that appears to be valid or strong, but contains a flaw in reasoning.
A fallacy
This fallacy, also known as the "straw man" fallacy, involves misrepresenting an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack.
(What is the Scarecrow fallacy?)
This philosopher is known for his work on the "problem of induction," questioning the rationale of inductive reasoning.
David Hume
The last part in a classical argument structure, this is the section that summarizes your main points and is supposed to leave a lasting impression on the audience.
Conclusion (Peroratio)