Basics & Mechanisms
What is the term for the process of maintaining a stable internal environment?
homeostasis
Which hormone from the anterior pituitary stimulates cell division and bone growth?
Growth Hormone (GH)
Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) help the body regulate the metabolism of which three nutrients?
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
What is the term for a condition where a patient has abnormally low blood sugar?
hypoglycemia
Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland to make you sleepy in the dark?
Melatonin
What is the prefix used for a gland that releases its secretions into a duct?
Exo- (Exocrine)
What is the primary responsibility of the anterior pituitary (as opposed to the posterior)?
production/secretion of hormones
To increase blood calcium, PTH activates which specific bone-dissolving cells?
osteoclasts
The hormones produced in the adrenal medulla mimic which branch of the nervous system?
sympathetic nervous system
What is the name of the 24-hour sleep-wake cycle regulated by the pineal gland?
circadian rhythm
Why are target cells the only cells that respond to a specific hormone?
they have specific receptors for that hormone.
Which hormone, stored in the posterior pituitary, is responsible for water reabsorption in the kidneys?
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
What specific bone cells are stimulated by Calcitonin to lower blood calcium?
osteoblasts
Which pancreatic hormone is released when blood sugar levels are too low?
Glucagon
Which temporary endocrine organ produces hormones to maintain pregnancy?
Placenta
To send a signal inside a cell, what must a protein-based (non-steroid) hormone use?
second messenger
Which hormone is responsible for milk production (primarily targeting the breasts)?
PRL (Prolactin)
While PTH tells the kidneys to save calcium, what does it tell them to excrete (get rid of)?
Phosphate
What are the clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas called?
pancreatic islets
Which hormone is secreted by the heart to help regulate blood pressure?
ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)
What type of secretion affects only neighboring cells, rather than the cell that released it or distant cells?
Paracrine secretion
Which hormone triggers the release of cortisol to help the body manage stress?
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Which condition results from hypothyroidism specifically in an adult?
Myxedema
Which adrenal cortex hormone is responsible for the conservation of sodium and water?
Aldosterone
Which hormone is secreted by the kidneys and liver to stimulate red blood cell production?
Erythropoietin