Philosophy
This thinker's writings on life, liberty, and the protection of property heavily influenced both the American and French revolutions.
Who is John Locke?
Enlightenment ideals such as the rights to justice, freedom, and equality encouraged the poorest people in France, members of this estate, toward revolution.
What is the Third Estate?
Women in France ran these centers of philosophical debate and idea-sharing.
What are salons?
This philosopher wrote about the importance of a balanced government with powers split between authorities.
Who is Montesquieu?
The Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Enlightenment share a belief in the worth of this.
What is the individual?
This Enlightenment thinker objected strongly to torture and secretive trials.
Who is Cesare Baccaria?
The quote "Let them eat cake," inaccurately attributed to Marie Antoinette, is associated with the shortage of this kind of food in France.
What is bread?
This woman warned her husband to "remember the ladies" in forming their country's new government.
Who is Abigail Adams?
The First Amendment to the US Constitution correlates with the writings of this philosopher.
Who is Voltaire?
This form of monarchy refers to a government in which the monarch is limited by basic laws.
What is a constitutional monarchy?
Voltaire was an advocate for freedom of speech and tolerance of this.
What is religion?
This leader of the Jacobins was beheaded only a year after seizing power.
Who is Robespierre?
This philosopher believed education was the key to equality and freedom for women.
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
The right to a speedy and public trial is a legacy of this philosopher.
Who is Beccaria?
Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew this oligarchy when they would not let him become a member.
What is the Directory?
This philosopher felt an absolute monarchy was the only way to prevent people from constantly fighting each other.
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
After the Reign of Terror, this group staged a coup in an attempt to restore the monarchy with Louis XVIII on the throne.
Who are the Girondins?
This woman was one of the most prominent sponsors of salons in France.
Who is Madame Geoffrin?
Thomas Jefferson consulted this philosopher's writings while crafting the Declaration of Independence.
Who is John Locke?
In A Tale of Two Cities, this character's final thoughts are the famous line: "It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known."
Who is Sydney Carton?
This is the term for rights that every human being has just by virtue of existing.
What are natural rights?
Louis XVI attempted to reform these in an effort to pay the government's debts.
What are taxes?
Catherine the Great is one of the rulers known by this term, applied to absolute rulers who tried to benefit their people.
What is an enlightened or benevolent despot?
The treatise The Social Contract, written by this French philosopher, was a great influence on later French government after the revolution.
Who is Rousseau?
This daughter of Enlightenment philosopher Mary Wollstonecraft was the author of the first widely-accepted science fiction novel.
Who is Mary Shelley?