People
Who is Rene Descartes?
Philosopher who argued for DUALISM of mind and body. Believed that the physical body was a container for the nonphysical thing called the mind.
What did Charles Darwin do?
Created natural selection (genetics).
What did psychology evolve from?
The disciplines of philosophy and biology.
What is philosophical materialism?
All mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenomena.
What is the Barnum Effect?
Psychological phenomenon where people believe vague, general statements (like horoscopes or personality descriptions) are highly specific and accurate for them personally, even though the statements could apply to almost anyone.
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
Argued against Descartes that the mind is what the brain does.
What did Sigmund Freud believe?
Hysteria was caused by painful unconscious experiences (in childhood mostly).
What is the difference between nature & nurture?
Nature: biological
Nurture: environmental
What is monism?
Everything is material, even God is a material being.
What is philosophical realism?
Perception of the physical world produced entirely by sensory organ information.
Who is John Locke?
English philosopher who argued that there is a real world. Suggested perceptions of the world are like photographs.
What did Ivan Pavlov do?
Studied digestion and founded classical conditioning (stimulus - response).
What is structuralism?
Isolate and analyze the mind's basic elements.
What is corpuscularism?
Material reality ultimately resolves into fundamental material particles. The behavior and appearance of entities are exclusively a function of the interaction of these parts.
What is philosophical idealism?
Perceptions of physical world are brain’s interpretation of sensory organ information.
Who is Immanuel Kant?
Suggested that Locke’s theory was too simplistic. Theorized beings must be born with some basic knowledge of the world that allows them to acquire additional knowledge of the world.
What did John B. Watson found?
Behaviorism: predict & control behavior through the study of observable behavior.
What is phrenology and who created it?
Lorenzo Fowler: pseudoscience that measures bumps in the skull to predict mental traits.
What is mechanism?
All phenomena explained by the mechanical interaction of the ”corpuscles” (particles).
What is the difference between philosophical empiricism & nativism?
Empiricism: all knowledge is acquired through experience.
Nativism: some knowledge is innate rather than acquired.
Who is Herman von Helmholtz and Wilhelm Wundt?
Helmholtz: studied reaction time in humans.
Wundt: opened 1st psychological laboratory, created structuralism.
What did Noam Chomsky believe?
Behaviorist principles could not explain language learning.
What did Jean-Martin Charcot do?
Studied hysteric patients through hypnosis (hypnotherapy).
What is trichotomy (trinitarianism)?
The body is the outer part containing our five senses with which we contact all the things of the physical, material world. The soul is the inner part containing our mind, emotions, and will with which we contact all the things of the psychological world. The spirit is the innermost part, the vital principle or animating essence within humans with which we contact all the things of the spiritual world.
What is functionalism and who created it?
William James - purpose of mental processes & how they serve to allow people to adapt to their environment.