Feudalism
Define Feudalism
The political and economic system of Medieval Europe in the West, first practiced by Charlemagne and the Franks before being adopted by the rest of Europe.
What are Archbishoprics?
Run by an Archbishop, overseeing either major cities or regional collections of Bishoprics.
Who was Bishop Leo of Ohrid?
Bishop of the city of Ohrid in Bulgaria. An outspoken critic of the Latin Rite, especially the Roman use of unleavened bread, Sabbath fasting, and the Filioque.
Define Bishopric
Run by a Bishop, overseeing either a medium to small sized city, or a collection of Parishes.
Define Vassalage
An oath to the lord or king, swearing to serve and fight when called in exchange for land, salary, or other benefit.
What is the lowest rank of the Feudal Pyramid
Serfs and Freemen
What is he organization of the “Princes” of the Church. They oversee nations and regions of archbishoprics, or are administrators in the Catholic Church. They elect the new Pope in the Conclave.
The College of Cardinals
Who was Cardinal Humbert of Silva?
Legate of Pope Leo IX, and main detractor of Bishop Leo of Ohrid. Championed the Latin Rite use of unleavened bread, Papal Supremacy, and the Primacy of Rome.
What are Monasteries?
Run by an Abbot or Abbess, housing Friars, Monks, and Nuns. A place of reclusion where strict rules and scholasticism are practiced away from the world.
Define Chivalry
The code of conduct governing the expectations of a Knight (professional warrior) in and out of battle.
What is the difference between a Serf and a Freeman?
A Serf is tied to the land and may be traded like currency between lords.
A Freeman is not tied to the land
Who is the Pope in Catholicism?
The Apostolic (original) Patriarch (Pope) of Rome. In the Latin Rite/Catholicism, he is the Head of the Church and greatest authority of the Church.
Who was Patriarch Michael I Cerularius?
Patriarch (Pope) of Constantinople. Received the Legatine Mission from Pope Leo IX, and refused to submit, calling the Donation of Constantine a forgery. Issued the anathematization (excommunication) of Cardinal Humbert and the members of the Legatine Mission. Later expelled all Latin Rite priests from the Byzantine Empire.
What is a Parish?
Run by a Priest. This is a single church community.
Define Knighthood
A formalized system of training for a professional warrior in Europe.
Define Nobility (as a rank in the Feudal System)
The Administrative and provincial rulers within a nation, owing fealty (loyalty and submission) to a King and no one else. These are typically Dukes, High Lords, Voivodes, Knyaz, etc…
Define Anathema/Excommunication
The formal denying of the Communion to an unrepentant person who refuses to correct a major error of belief or action.
Who was Pope Leo IX?
Pope of Rome at the beginning of the Great Schism, dispatched a Legatine mission to Constantinople to protest the actions and words of Bishop Leo of Ohrid, and ordered the use of the Donation of Constantine to try and exert authority over Constantinople. Died in 1053.
What is a Manor?
The home of a local lord, which acts as the social, political, and economic center of a region or area.
What was the Investiture Crisis
The controversy of loyalty and who (Pope or King) ultimately may install Bishops and to whom they are loyal to.
Who were the Land owning professionals and Trade Masters within a nation, split between Lower Nobility and trade professionals?
Lords, Vassals, and Guilds (2nd level of the Feudal System)
What is the Filioque?
The “And the Son” clause added by the Pope of Rome to the Nicene Creed during the 6th Century, and formalized in the Latin Rite Liturgy in 1014 AD. It generated controversy among the other 4 Patriarchs as none of them used the Filioque, nor had it been approved in an Ecumenical Council.
Define the Great Schism
Occurring in 1054 AD, the double excommunication between the Papal Legates and the Patriarch of Constantinople over cultural and theological differences. Created the Catholic Church in the West (Rome) and the Orthodox Church in the East (Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem, and Alexandria)
What is Crenellation ?
Legal fortifications made to a Manor, transforming it into a military center.
What was the ascending responsibilities (arrow going up) of Feudalism and what was the descending responsibilities (arrow going down) of Feudalism?
Ascending: Taxes, fealty, food
Descending: Protection