Methodology
Involves changing the hypothesis as soon as the researcher perceives that the results are different than originally expected.
HARKing
re-approaching an empirical study previously conducted by another psychologist and being reported in the literature with the same research conditions as in the first study.
Replication
What does a meta-analysis combine?
The results of multiple studies.
The practice of manipulating data analysis or selectively reporting results to achieve a statistically significant p-value (usually < 0.05). This might include running multiple analyses, selectively excluding data points, or only reporting outcomes that reach statistical significance, ultimately increasing the risk of false positives.
p-hacking
_____________ Replication <type of replication>
Different Methodologies: Employs alternative experimental designs, measurements, or manipulations.
Same Hypothesis: Focuses on verifying the theoretical concept rather than the specific results.
Generalizability Testing: Assesses whether findings are applicable across different contexts or populations.
Innovation: Introduces new approaches to test the same idea, enhancing the robustness of the theory.
Conceptual
if you want results that are representative of the entire population, these techniques are the most reasonable choice
Sample randomizing
Original Study: Investigated the effect of sleep deprivation on memory recall using a specific word list.
______________ Replication: Repeats the experiment using the same word list, sleep deprivation protocol, and participant criteria.
Direct
What is the first step in conducting a meta-analysis?
Formulating a clear research question and identifying relevant studies.
The practice of creating or modifying hypotheses after analyzing the data to make the results appear more theoretically supported. ___________ can lead to misleading conclusions because it presents post hoc explanations as if they were predicted in advance.
HARKing (Hypothesizing After Results are Known)
The number of participants or observations included in a study.
A larger ________ ______ can improve the accuracy and generalizability of the study's results.
Sample Size
First, individuals are selected based on non-random criteria and not every person has a chance of being included. What sampling technique is being referred to?
non-probabilistic sample
If a study found that a specific teaching method improves student performance, a ____________ replication would involve using the same instructional materials, student population, and testing methods to confirm the initial results.
direct <replication>
A quantitative measure that represents the strength or magnitude of the relationship or effect being studied. what is it about?
effect size: e.g.: Cohen’s d
A sample size that is too small to accurately represent the population or detect meaningful effects.
An ______ ______ _______ can lead to unreliable results and an increased risk of Type II errors (failing to detect an effect that actually exists).
Underestimated Sample Size
_________ Replication <type of replication>
Confirms Reliability: Establishes that the findings are consistent and not due to chance or specific circumstances.
Strengthens Evidence Base: Builds confidence in the results, supporting the development of theories.
Detects Errors: Helps identify potential mistakes or biases in the original study.
Scientific Integrity: Upholds the principle of reproducibility, a cornerstone of scientific research.
Direct
Situation in which the size of a sample used in a study is too small to reliably detect or represent the true effects or characteristics of the population being studied.
Underestimated Sample
If a study demonstrated the effectiveness of a new therapy for anxiety in college students, a ____________ replication might test the same therapy with older adults or in a clinical rather than a university setting.
systematic <replication>
What term describes the high variability in study results in a meta-analysis?
Heterogeneity
The probability of correctly detecting a true effect in a study.
________ _____ _______, often resulting from a small sample size or weak effect size, increases the likelihood of missing true effects, thus leading to inconclusive or non-significant results.
Low Statistical Power
What type of randomization it is about?
Simple Randomization
___________ refers to the questionable practice of selectively analyzing data or conducting multiple statistical tests until a significant result (typically a p-value less than 0.05) is achieved.
p-hacking
If a study concluded that social support reduces stress using self-reported stress levels, a ___________ replication might test the same hypothesis by measuring physiological stress indicators like cortisol levels instead of self-reports.
conceptual <replication>
What is publication bias, and how does it affect meta-analysis?
Publication bias occurs when studies with significant or positive results are more likely to be published, potentially skewing the meta-analysis results.
The absence of a random assignment process in an experiment or study, which can lead to biased groups and confounded results.
Without __________, it's difficult to ensure that observed effects are due to the treatment rather than pre-existing differences between groups.
Randomization <lack of Randomization>
If the new method group scored an average of 85 and the traditional group scored an average of 80, an _____ _____ calculation (like Cohen’s d) would quantify the difference in a way that shows how meaningful it is, beyond just the statistical significance.
effect size