Founding Ideals
According to Martin Luther King Jr, what are the 4 basics steps to any nonviolent campaign?
Collection of the facts to determine whether injustices are alive, negotiation, self-purification, and direct action.
Why did the Articles of Confederation create a weak central government?
The Articles created a weak central government because the states feared tyranny after their experience with British rule. They wanted to keep most power at the state level.
This principle in the Constitution divides power among three branches of government.
Separation of powers
A group of people with shared interests that can oppose the public good.
Faction
According to Fed 78 The Judiciary Branch is the weakest of the 3 branches because it has neither the _____ nor ______
Sword Nor Purse
Martin Luther king Jr discusses just and unjust laws in his letter from Birmingham jail, what are just and unjust laws?
Unjust laws- A code that a majority inflicts on a minority that is not binding on itself (difference made legal)
Just laws- “A code that a majority compels a minority to follow, and that is willing to follow itself. (Sameness made legal)
What was a major weakness of the Articles of Confederation?
One major weakness was that Congress could not collect taxes from the states—it could only request money.
This constitutional principle establishes that federal law takes precedence over state law when the two conflict.
The Supremacy Clause
Who is the author of Fed 10 and Fed 51?
James Madison
Name 1 of the 3 objects of constituting federal judicature (The Judicial Branch) discussed in Fed 78
1st. The mode of appointing the judges.
2d. The tenure by which they are to hold their places.
3d. The partition of the judiciary authority between different courts, and their relations to each other.
In his letter from Birmingham, King reaches a regrettable conclusion about the white moderate, what is this conclusion?
The white moderate is the stumbling block in the stride towards freedom.
What was Brutus No. 1 mainly arguing against?
Brutus No. 1 argued against the ratification of the Constitution, claiming it would create a government too powerful and threaten individual freedoms.
These two clauses (in Article I, Section 8) allow Congress to expand its powers beyond those specifically listed in the Constitution.
The Necessary and Proper Clause and the Commerce Clause.
Why is a Large Republic better at controlling factions?
It increases the number of competing interests making it hard for one faction to dominate.
What power to protect the constitution given to the courts was Hamilton arguing for in Fed 78
Judicial Review (as quoted from Fed 78: for instance, as that it shall pass no bills of attainder, no ex-post-facto laws, and the like. Limitations of this kind can be preserved in practice no other way than through the medium of courts of justice, whose duty it must be to declare all acts contrary to the manifest tenor of the Constitution void. Without this, all the reservations of particular rights or privileges would amount to nothing.)
Including the main author, who else contributed to the Declaration of Independence?
The committee of 5, Thomas Jefferson, John Adam’s, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, Robert R. Livingston.
Why did Brutus believe a large republic (like the U.S.) would fail?
Brutus argued that a large republic would be too big for the government to represent all citizens fairly, and leaders would become disconnected from the people.
Under Article V, one fraction of states is used to request a constitutional convention, while a larger fraction is required for states to ratify an amendment.
Two-thirds (to propose) and three-fourths (to ratify)
In Fed 51, what problem does separation of powers and checks and balances solve?
It prevents any one branch of government from becoming too powerful.
Fed 70 argues for what regarding the Executive branch?
An “Energetic” Executive branch along with having a singular person be the head of the executive. (As said from Fed 70: politicians and statesmen who have been the most celebrated for the soundness of their principles and for the justice of their views, have declared in favor of a single Executive and a numerous legislature. They have with great propriety, considered energy as the most necessary qualification of the former, and have regarded this as most applicable to power in a single hand)
The deceleration of independence claims that the people are allowed to abolish or alter the government, relying on popular sovereignty which contrasts what previous foundational document?
What is the articles of confederation and the idea of state sovereignty.
Why did Brutus No. 1 oppose the Necessary and Proper Clause in the Constitution?
Brutus opposed the Necessary and Proper Clause because he believed it would allow the federal government to expand its powers beyond what was specifically listed, making it too strong.
This principle, developed through Supreme Court interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment, determines which specific Bill of Rights protections apply to the states rather than applying all of them at once.
Selective incorporation
How do Fed 10 and Fed 51 address the problem of tyranny?
Fed 10 limits factions through a large republic and Fed 51 uses separation of powers and checks and balances.
Why is an Energetic Executive important as claimed by Hamilton in Fed 70?
“Decision, activity, secrecy, and dispatch will generally characterize the proceedings of one man in a much more eminent degree than the proceedings of any greater number.”