Cases 1-3
What principle was established in the ruling of Marbury V. Madison (1803)?
The principle established in this ruling was judicial review, which allowed the Supreme Court to declare an act of the legislative or executive branch unconstitutional.
In Brown V. Board (1954), what clause did race-based segregation in school violate?
Race-based segregation in schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Why was it ruled in Tinker V. Des Moines (1969) that the prohibition against public school students wearing black armbands in school to protest the Vietnam War violated the protection granted to students in the First Amendment?
Students were allowed to take part in protests in schools because of their freedom of protest, which in this case, was ruled to be allowed in the form of a passive protest.
Why was it ruled in Shaw V. Reno (1993) that voters could challenge voting districts drawn primarily based on race?
The court ruled that drawing districts based solely on race could violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, as it may undermine the principle of equal representation.
In Citizens United V. Federal Election Commission (2010), why were corporations, associations, and labor unions allowed to send money to candidates?
Political spending was seen as a valid form of speech, which is a right protected by the First Amendment.
In Schenck V. United States (1919), what was decided to not be protected by the first amendment?
The first amendment doesn’t protect speech creating a “clear and present danger”.
In the case of Engel V. Vitale (1962), what clause did they rule was violated by school sponsorship of religious activities?
It was ruled that school sponsorship of religious activities violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.
In the Case of Gideon V. Wainwright (1963), what was the favored argument about the right to an attorney being extended to protect felony defendants?
The court decided in favor of the state of Florida, representing defendant Louie L. Wainwright, who argued that the right to an attorney should be extended to felony defendants due to the rights outlined in the sixth amendment.
In Wisconsin V. Yoder (1972), why did the Supreme Court rule against the argument that forcing Amish students to attend school past the eighth grade violates the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment?
The Supreme Court ruled against this because although people have the freedom to express religion, there are some cases that people can’t do just about anything they want because of the federal laws in place such as the federal law requiring families to send their children to school until they graduate high school.
What rule was decided in McDonald V. Chicago (2010) in the instance of carrying weapons?
The rule was that each state, even if it doesn’t agree with the principle, has to honor the Second Amendment right to bear arms.
What principle was established in the ruling of McCulloch V. Maryland (1819)?
The principle established in this ruling was the supremacy of the U.S. Constitution and federal laws over state laws.
Why was it ruled in Baker V. Carr (1962) that federal courts were allowed to hear other cases that challenged redistricting plans that may violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?
The Court determined that the Tennessee redistricting scheme resulted in unequal weighting of votes and violated citizens' constitutional rights.
Why was it ruled in New York Times Co. V. United States (1971) that the government could not prevent newspapers from publishing the Pentagon Papers, even though they involved national security?
The Supreme Court ruled that the government could not exercise prior restraint because it violated the freedom of the press, and there was not enough evidence that publishing the material would cause a direct, immediate threat to national security.
In United States V. Lopez (1995), why did the court rule against Congress making possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime?
The Supreme Court ruled against Congress in this case because Congress exceeded its power under the Commerce Clause because everyone has the right to bear arms and carry them.