New South
Era during which local and state laws enforced the legal segregation of white and black citizens from the 1870s into the 1960s
Jim Crow
The first significant law restricting immigration into the United States
Chinese Exclusion Act
Labor unions begin to form after industrialization due to this factor
Poor working conditions
The biggest contributor to westward expansion which allowed for trade and travel from east to west coast
Transcontinental Railroad
Death march relocating the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole) to territories that would become the states of Kansas, Nebraska, and Oklahoma
Trail of Tears
Vigilante group that would enact "justice" on anyone who attempted to resist racial oppression
Ku Klux Klan
The main reason for urbanization that rapidly occurred between 1845-1900
Industrialization
Organization known as the first labor union to fight for labor reform
Knights of Labor
Key American idea that led to westward expansion
Manifest Destiny
A series of bloody massacres when Natives resisted the imposition of the reservation system, where the U.S. army ultimately succeeded in relocating most
Indian Wars
System that included renting land and paying rent by giving a portion of crops to the landowner, which often resulted in a slavery-like treatment towards African Americans who were pushed into it by economic circumstances
Sharecropping
After their lands were taken by the United States, their citizenship was promised but infringed upon when white settlers displaced them.
Mexican Immigrants
Investigative journalists that exposed the harsh realities of industrial life.
Muckrakers
The discovery of precious metals and minerals that drew people to the West
California Gold Rush
1887 act that ended the reservation system by authorizing the federal confiscation and redistribution of tribal lands
Dawes Act
government agency established to aid former slaves
Freedmen's Bureau
Brought in by the allure of gold found in California, the population of this minority group rose from <1000 in 1849 to 25,000 in just 3 years, mostly finding work on the Transcontinental Railroad
Chinese Immigrants
Foundational U.S. federal law designed to protect free-market competition by banning trusts, monopolies, and conspiracies that unreasonably restrain interstate or foreign trade
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
War fought over a border dispute between Texas and Mexico that had the United States gain a large amount of land in the Southwest
Mexican-American War
Act that institutionalized the practice of forcing Native Americans off of their ancestral lands in order to make way for European settlement.
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Southern Democrats agreed not to block contested electoral college votes and Rutherford B. Hayes became president. In return, Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from actively intervening in the politics of the South, effectively ending reconstruction
The Compromise of 1877
The purpose of settlement houses such as Jane Addam's Hull House
Provide services to poor immigrants and the needy
The leader of the American Federation of Labor, a union focusing on concrete improvements like higher wages, shorter hours & improved working conditions
Samuel Gompers
Act signed in 1862 that awarded land to any U.S. citizen who pledged to settle and farm the land for at least 5 years
Homestead Act of 1862
Authorized the establishment of reservations in Oklahoma and encouraged other states to do so in order to keep Natives off of the land that white Americans wished to settle.
Indian Appropriations Act of 1851