People
This queen and king united Spain by marriage and later completed the Reconquista, expelling Muslim rulers from Granada.
Ferdinand and Isabella (King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella)
The long series of conflicts between England and France from the 14th to 15th centuries is known by this name.
The Hundred Years War
These were medieval organizations of artisans and merchants that regulated quality, training, and prices in towns.
Guilds
The disease that swept Europe in the mid-1300s and drastically reduced population; also called the Bubonic Plague.
The Black Death
The economic system in medieval Europe centered on lords, vassals, and peasants working the land is called this.
Feudalism (manorial system)
The English king forced to accept limits on royal power in 1215; his actions led to an important document protecting certain rights.
King John
This English king won famous victories in the Hundred Years’ War and is associated with Agincourt.
Henry V
One reason guilds helped towns grow economically (describe a benefit)
They standardized quality, protected members’ economic interests, and encouraged trade
One immediate economic effect of the plague on labor and wages.
Labor shortages led to higher wages and better bargaining power for workers (wage increases)
One reason feudalism began to decline as towns and trade grew (brief explanation).
Growth of trade and towns offered alternatives to serfdom, kings centralized power, and monetary economy reduced barter; The Crusades; The Black Death
The French peasant girl who led troops to lift a siege and became a national symbol, later tried and executed by the English.
Joan of Arc
he battle and phase of the Hundred Years’ War where English longbowmen were decisive (a key English victory early in the war).
Battle of Crecy (Agincourt)
The step-by-step training process for someone becoming a skilled craftsman in a guild, with three stages
Apprenticeship → Journeyman → Master (apprentice, journeyman, master)
How the Black Death contributed to the weakening of the manorial system (brief explanation).
With fewer serfs and more opportunities in towns, many peasants left manors, weakening manorial obligations
How the Magna Carta helped limit the power of monarchs and support the development of representative government (list one effect).
It limited the king’s power by establishing that the monarch had to follow law, guarantee certain feudal rights, and consult nobles (led to parliamentary developments and rule of law)
The legal principle that protects someone from being held in prison without being charged; later formalized by law in England.
Habeus Corpus
One major long-term outcome of the Hundred Years’ War: how it helped change political power in Europe
Strengthening of national identities and the decline of feudal knightly warfare; rise of standing armies and centralized monarchies
How guilds limited competition and protected workers’ incomes (explain one practice)
By setting production standards, controlling entry to the trade, fixing prices, and limiting competition
Besides population loss, name one social or religious consequence of the plague for European society.
Increased questioning of Church authority, persecution/scapegoating (e.g., of minorities), or social unrest (accept one)
Explain how the growth of national monarchies (centralized states) undermined local feudal lords’ power (two short points).
Monarchs raised taxes and armies centrally rather than relying on feudal levies; they created legal systems and bureaucracies that reduced lordly autonomy
The North African and Muslim inhabitants of medieval Spain were commonly called this by Europeans.
Name two ways Joan of Arc’s involvement changed the course or morale of the war for France.
She raised French morale, led to important French victories (e.g., lifting the siege of Orléans), and helped legitimize Charles VII’s claim
Explain how the rise of guilds and towns contributed to the decline of feudal obligations for peasants.
Guilds/town economic opportunities drew peasants to towns for wages and freedom from manorial obligations; towns purchased charters reducing serfdom
Describe how the movement of trade routes helped spread the plague across Europe and Asia.
Fleas on rats aboard ships and overland trade routes (Silk Road, merchant ships) carried the disease across regions
Using productivity and specialization ideas: explain how increased specialization in towns changed economic relationships compared to the manor system.
Specialization increased productivity in towns; skilled workers produced more and traded for goods, shifting economic power from land-based feudal rents to market-based income