Origins
Offenses classified as law violation because of a youth's status as a minor
A term used largely by the media that exaggerated crime of a minority of youth
What is a "super predator"?
Established the standard of evidence was "beyond reasonable doubt"
What is Winship (1970)?
Represents the relationship between age and crime
What is the age-crime curve?
A country where the age of responsibility/lower age limit is 14
What is Germany?
The county and state of the first juvenile court
What is Cook County, Illinois?
Policies that were introduced into schools under the Gun-Free Schools Act (1994)
What are zero tolerance policies?
Since this case, juveniles have the rights to be given notice of charge, counsel, and to confront and cross-examine witnesses
What is Gault (1967)?
Illegal behaviors that have not been officially labeled by the justice system
What are behavioral definitions?
A trend of increasing the lower age limit across states
What is Raise the Age?
The age at which youth are considered criminally responsible for their actions
What is the lower age limit/age of responsibility?
Rates on the increase despite crime rates on the decrease
What are juvenile incarceration rates?
Banned the dealth penalty for juveniles below 18 years old
What is Roper v. Simmons (2005)?
Reports and records only the most serious crime in an event
What is the hierarchy rule?
A country that does not have detention centers for juveniles under 18 years old
What is Norway?
Another word for a "guilty mind"
What is mens rea?
A term used to illustrate how school punishment policies increase childrens contact with the JJ system
What is the "school-to-prison pipeline"?
Established that no person under 16 years old should be executed
What is Thompson v. Oklahoma (1988)?
Reports on crime of almost 100% of the US population
What is the UCR?
States have reduced this type of transfer that refers youth to the adult courts
What are automatic transfers?
The first code of law to mention punishing children for wrongdoing
What is the Code of Hammurabi?
The largest federal crime bill that focused on a "tough on crime" approach to juveniles
What is the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (1994)?
Established life without the possibility of parole for non-homicide offenders is unconstitutional
What is Graham v Florida (2010)?
Some examples include: National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and Monitoring the Future (MTF)
What are surveys/unofficial data?
Juveniles prosecuted as adults can petition for cases to transfer down to the juvenile court
What is a reverse waiver?