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A field of study that focuses on the physical structure of the body and it's systems
Anatomy
The study of functional changes that accompany a particular disease or syndrome.
Pathophysiology
Divides the body into left and right equal halfs.
Midsagittal (midline)
Plane that describes the front and back of the body.
Coronal (frontal)
The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guidelines to the structures that lie beneath:
Topographic anatomy
Divides the body horizontally into top and bottom sections.
Transverse (axial) plane
Provides structural support to bear the body's weight. Protects vital organs. Serves as attachment point for tissues in the body.
Skeletal system
The foundation of the human body.
Cells
Describe the anatomic position:
The patient is facing forward; arms at their sides; palms of the hands facing forward.
The portion of the body that describes the skull to the tail bone:
Axial skeleton
Plane that describes dividing the body into left and right which can be unequal.
Sagittal (lateral)
Cells that grow close to each other and share a common functions are called:
Tissues
Groups of tissues that perform similar or or interrelated jobs form:
Organs
How many vertebrae are there? Name how many in each section for double.
33 total.
C7
T12
L5
S5
C4
Describes the arms and legs and their attachment points.
Appendicular skeleton
The tail bone is also called:
Coccyx
Describes the chest:
Thoracic cage
The fibrous tissues that connect bone to bone:
Ligaments
The flexible tissue that covers the ends of articulating bones is called:
Cartilage
Tissue that attach muscle to bone:
Tendons
Joints that grow together to form a stable connection between bones:
Symphyses
Thick ligaments that have little motion. Found in the pelvis and vertebral column
Sacroiliac joint
Oil-like substance that allow the ends of bones to glide over each other.
Synovial fluid
The skull consists of how many bones:
28
Bones types that comprise the cranium:
Double for all 5
Frontal, parietal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid, temporal, bones.
Two main examples of ball-and-socket joints in the body:
Hips and shoulders.
Types of hinge joints:
Fingers, elbows, and knees
The opening at the base of the skull:
Foramen magnum
How many bones are in the face?
14
Describe the maxillae, mandible, zygomas, and orbital bones.
Maxillae (upper jaw), mandible (lower jaw), zygomas (cheek bones), and orbital (eye socket; protects the eye)
The first cervical vertebrae:
Atlas
The second cervical vertebrae:
Axis
Each of the thoracic vertebrae are connected to:
One pair of ribs
Describes where the heart, lungs, and great vessels are located:
Thorax
The anterior portion of the chest:
Sternum (breastbone)
The shock absorbing structures in the spinal column are called:
Intervertebral disks
Name the 3 parts of the sternum where they are locate and what they are called:
Manubrium (Upper), sternal body (middle), xiphoid process (inferior)
The bones of the shoulder girlde:
Describes their position for double.
Clavicle and scapula. Clavicle is anterior (collar bones and scapula is posterior.
The cartilaginous structure on the inferior portion of the sternum is called:
Xiphoid process
Distal to the humerus are 2 bones; Describe the humerus and the 2 bones (location) for double
Humerus: The single bone of the upper arm.
Radius: The lateral or thumb side of forearm.
Ulna: the medial or pinky finger side.
The bones of the fingers are called:
Phalanges
The 3 bones of the hips are called:
Name what a singular hip bone is called for double.
Ilium, ischium, and the pubis.
1 hip bone is called a coxae.
The pelvis articulates with the femur at the hip joint with is called the:
Acetabulum
The stabilizing and leverage structures of the femur are called:
Name their position and which each does for double.
Greater trochanter(lateral side) and lesser trochanter (medial side).
GT: Stabilizes the pelvis when you walk. Moves the leg away from body. (abduction)
LT: Lifts the legs. Allows you to bring your knee towards your torso.
Adduction vs Abduction:
Flexion vs extension:
Adduction (toward) vs Abduction (away)
Flex (towards); extension (away)
Describes tissues of the body that are under conscious control:
Skeletal muscle
Tissues in the body not under conscious control:
Involuntary muscle
This muscle is found inside the blood vessels and the intestines.
Smooth muscle
This muscle can create it own electrical impulses:
Cardiac muscle
Name the muscles that bends and straightens the elbow.
Bicep bends and triceps straightens.
The musculoskeletal system has several functions; one which is the production of:
Heat
Parts of the upper airway
6 parts, name at least 3 for double.
Nasopharynx, Nasal air passage, pharynx, oropharynx, mouth, epiglottis.
Describes the muscles responsible for breathing, or respiration, and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Respiratory system
The upper airway is separated from the lower airway by:
The vocal chords (Glottis)
Within the larynx, with structure is situated anteriorly? What structure is posteriorly?
The trachea (windpipe) is anterior and the esophagus is posterior (food tube)
A thin leaf-shaped flap that covers the trachea when yo swallow:
Epigglottis
Lower airway includes:
4 parts. Name 3 for double.
Trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, and the lungs.
Anterior portion of the neck; also called the "Adam's apple"
Thyroid cartilage
The 3 parts of the trachea:
Thyriod cartilage: Adam's apple.
Cricothyroid membrane: Thin sheet of fascia, in between both structures
Circoid cartilage: Firm ridge of cartilage forms the lower part
Where the oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange occurs:
Alveoli (The functional units of the respiratory system)
The layer of smooth glistening tissue that covers each lung is called:
Parietal Pleura
The name of the 2 layers inside the chest cavity:
Parietal pleura (lines the chest wall)
Visceral pleura (covers the lungs)
The potential space; under normal circumstances thi space doesn't exist.
Pleural space
Part of the respiratory system; A voluntary and involuntary muscle:
Diaphragm
How does the diaphragm react when it contracts?
It moves downs slightly enlarging the thoracic cage top to bottom.
Inhalation is an ____ process.
Exhalation is a _____ process.
Active
Passive
The movement of air between the lungs and the environment.
Ventilation
The process of gas exchange is called:
Respirations
The process in which molecules in a higher concentration move to an area of lower concentration:
Diffusion
This area in the brain controls breathing
Brainstem
Negative pressure breathing:
The diaphragm contracts it moves down slightly enlarging the thoracic cavity top to bottom. The intercostal muscles contract moving the ribs up and out. These action increase the chest size in all dimensions. The volume inside the space increases which causes the pressure to drop. Air rushes into the lungs.
Breathing occurs as the result of a buildup of:
Carbon dioxide
A colorless fluid in and around the brain and spinal cord that cushions these structures and filters out impurities and toxins
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
The primary reason you breathe is because your oxygen is low. True or false?
False. The primary reason you breathe is to lower your level of carbon dioxide. pg 205
Hypoxic drive