1
raw
生的；阴冷的；未加工的
drag on
缓慢费力地行走
efficient
效率高的
launch
开始；发射
认为
reckon
crucial
plus, minus, multiple, divide
进攻；进攻的；冒犯的
offensive
engage
3 adjectives for winter
raw, bleak, bitter
等待时机
bide one's time
bring to a halt
使停止
孤注一掷
take the gamble
指示，命令，讲授
及其搭配
instruct sb to do sth
instruct sb on sth
撤退、前进、继续前进
retreat, advance, press on
What's the difference between "war", "campaign" and "battle"?
war > campaign > battle
further explanation must be provided
趁某人不备
catch sb off guard
造成损失、伤亡
take one's toll
What do Napoleon and Hitler have in common?
1. confident
2. underestimate the force of nature
...
What problems did both Napoleon and Hitler face?
Hitler's three thrusts
against Leningrad and Moscow and through the Ukraine
What did Russians plan to do when facing German invaders?
"scorch the earth"
What's the main point of the text?
the importance of nature
The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign.
What did Napoleon do after his Grand Army arrived Moscow?
He offered a truce to Alexander first.