Nonspecific Defense
The body's first line of defense against pathogens?
What is the skin?
What triggers a specific immune response?
What is an antigen?
What are pathogens?
What are disease-causing microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists?
What is the main treatment for viral infections?
What is prevention through vaccination?
What are the three types of immunity?
What are Innate, Adaptive, and Passive immunity?
What is the inflammatory response, and what are its main symptoms?
The inflammatory response is a nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage, characterized by redness and swelling due to increased blood flow.
Describe the role of B lymphocytes in the immune system.
B lymphocytes seek out targets and produce antibodies that help eliminate pathogens.
Name two types of pathogens and an example of each.
Bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus) and viruses (e.g., Influenza). Fungi (athlete's foot) parasites/protozoa (malaria)
Explain the lytic cycle of a virus.
The virus enters the host cell, replicates, and causes the host cell to burst, releasing new viruses.
How does innate immunity differ from adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity is present at birth and provides general protection; adaptive immunity develops over time as a response to specific pathogens.
What role do histamines play in the inflammatory response?
Histamines are released by injured or infected cells and contribute to the inflammatory response, calling macrophages to the area.
What is the difference between Humoral Immunity and Cell-Mediated Immunity?
Humoral Immunity involves B cells and antibodies; Cell-Mediated Immunity involves T cells that destroy infected cells.
How do bacteria and viruses differ in terms of structure?
Bacteria are single-celled organisms; viruses are particles of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
What are oncogenic viruses? Give an example.
Oncogenic viruses can cause cancer; an example is HPV.
What is passive immunity, and how is it acquired?
Passive immunity is "borrowed" from another source, such as antibodies passed from mother to infant through breast milk.
Name two types of leukocytes involved in the immune system and their functions.
Phagocytes (chew up invading organisms) and lymphocytes (help recognize and remember previous invaders).
How do T cells assist in the immune response?
T cells destroy infected cells and help signal other immune cells to act.
What is a bacteriophage?
What is a virus that specifically infects bacteria?
What is the role of vaccines in preventing viral infections?
accines expose the immune system to a harmless part of the virus, prompting antibody production.
Why do adults tend to get fewer colds than children?
Adults have been exposed to more pathogens and have developed immunity against many of them.
What are the lymphoid organs where leukocytes are produced or stored?
The thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow.
Explain how immunization works in relation to antibodies.
Immunization introduces a harmless form of an antigen, prompting the body to produce antibodies for future protection.
Identify the most common method of transmission for the common cold.
Airborne/ indirect contact
Describe the lysogenic cycle of a virus.
The virus embeds its DNA into the host's DNA and lies dormant until conditions trigger it to enter the lytic cycle.
What is the significance of antibodies in the immune response?
Antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigens, helping to neutralize them or mark them for destruction by other immune cells.