Lines of Defense
Sneezing is an example of this kind of barrier being activated.
Mechanical barrier (because of the irritation of hair-like cilia in mucus membrane).
This type of white blood cell produces antibodies.
B cell!
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Which type of immune response acts the fastest?
Innate immune response
What is the function of lymph nodes?
To filter lymph (clear liquid) and house immune cells.
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What is an antigen?
Surface structures on pathogens that alert the immune system of their presence.
What are antibodies?
Proteins that are part of the adaptive immune response. They tag invaders, helping B and T cells to recognize "self" from "non-self".
Which type of T cell destroys infected host cells?
Killer (cytotoxic) T cells
This is a local response that includes swelling, heat, redness, and pain.
Inflammation.
This produces lymphocytes and is also involved in blood cell production.
Bone marrow
How many lymph nodes do we have?
About 700!
Mucus
What is the main role of a dendritic cell?
This phagocytic cell presents antigens to activate the adaptive immune system.
This chemical causes vasodilation and is released by mast cells.
Histamine.
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What is lymph?
Clear fluid. Plasma from the blood is forced out of capillaries in capillary beds. This clear fluid then is absorbed by lymphatic vessels, carrying with it pathogens.
This process allows immune cells to engulf and digest pathogens.
Phagocytosis
How do resident flora act as a defense against invaders?
They use up resources (like food) and take up space.
What is a neutrophil?
This is the first immune cell to arrive at an infection site, often found in pus.
What is the "kiss of death"?
These tubes transport clear fluid throughout the body.
Lymphatic vessels
What occurs after antibodies attach to pathogens?
Pathogens are neutralized (cannot attach to host cells) and start forming clumps (agglutination).
Name the three types of barriers in the first line of defense and give an example of each.
Mechanical: skin, mucosal linings
Chemical: stomach acid, enzymes in saliva
Biological: Resident bacteria
What is the role of helper T cells?
These help activate the cloning of B cells with correct antibody-making DNA, as well as activate killer T cells.
Name two differences between the adaptive and innate immune responses.
Adaptive is specific to the invader. It also retains memories after having been exposed. It is systemic rather than local.
How much fluid leaves our bloodstream to enter the lymphatic system each day?
3 liters!
How many antibodies can our body make in only a few seconds?
2,000! This continues for 4-5 days after infection.