Industrialization
The century in which European industrial production is said to have begun.
What is the 18th century.
One way manufacturers worked to keep labor costs as low as they could was to use these.
What are orphans/children?
In 1776 a version of the steam engine that significantly improved upon earlier models was invented by this Englishman.
Who is James Watt?
The availability of products such as coffee, tea, and hot chocolate --which were made with heated water which killed bacteria, and new foods from abroad --which expanded and varied the pool of nutrients, led to this.
What is population growth and longer life spans?
The world’s first factories arose in part from the pressure to increase production of this commodity for global and domestic markets.
What is English cloth?
Industrialization began in these two places.
What are England and the low countries.
For manufacturers production and profits always came first to avoid financial ruin. This increased the demand for this labor force.
What are slaves?
The advancements made in the steam engine changed not only labor practices and productivity, but modes of transportation as well. These two modes of transportation replaced covered wagon and ships.
What are trains and steamships?
People who lived in towns and cities, and who owned factories, banks, transportation networks, and large tracts of land for raising livestock and crops.
Who are the bourgeoisie?
John Kay’s flying shuttle increased the pace and productivity of this industry.
What is weaving?
Because other regions were far more advanced than Europe in manufacturing --for instance, color fast dyes and heat-resistant dishware, fine weaving and spinning, and even metallurgy-- this practice became necessary and widely practiced.
What is industrial spying?
Slaves produced food for workers who had left farms for factories. They also produced tropical crops for export to Europe such as these three 'new world' must-haves.
What are sugar, tobacco, and coffee?
Urbanization -- which resulted in the development of occupations such as: shopkeepers, pharmacists, construction workers, teachers, doctors, and and coach drivers, sanitation workers, police, and administrators-- developed around these hubs of activity.
What are train stations?
Factory and other workers who lacked tools or land to support themselves but instead labored for factory owners and others who had the means to produce.
Who are the proletariat?
This machine was used by individual women working at home, but allowed them --using just the power of their hand-- to spin not one bobbin of thread, but up to 120 at once.
What is the spinning jenny?
These areas developed as towns grew astronomically, resulting in abominable conditions in which disease spread and there was a lack of fresh and safe water supplies.
What are slums?
During the early days of industrialization, women who had been spinning or weaving at home often switched to factories. That said, women who were discouraged to work outside the home --and provide comfort from the horrors of industrial life instead-- were referred to as these.
Who were “angels in the household”?
This manufacturing of this commodity was particularly daring and risky, as the abililty to copy the production of this lightweight, colorful, washable material previously imported from China and India had only a 50% success rate.
What is cotton.
The rising professional groups in Europe which included doctors, lawyers, teachers, and others with special skills that serviced society as a whole.
What is the middle class?
This was such an obsession that wealthy people collected it in great quantities. Those with far less means would try to buy a piece or two—a cup or plate.
What is porcelain?
Revolutions in agriculture that increased European productivity, and revolutions in trade that increasingly distributed goods among people in towns and cities instead of having each individual family produce everything it needed resulted in this.
What is division of labor?
Instead of dealing with change by organizing to benefit from and shape the change, so-called primitive rebels went about breaking things. Wreckers of machinery were called this.
What are Luddites?
Slave labor produced palm and other tropical oils for this purpose.
What is to keep machinery running?
The reason we are called the "Boilermakers."
What is because industrial and other workers formed their own clubs to protect their interests when guilds were abolished. They created singing, gymnastic, and sports clubs.
Aside from being both beautiful and a status symbol, porcelain was also practical for this reason.
What is because Europeans did not know of other ways to make heat resistant dishware for their hot drinks.