AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
What was the Enclosure Movement?
It combined smaller fields into larger, privately controlled farms.
What natural resource provided an important source of energy for early British factories?
Coal.
Who wrote The Wealth of Nations?
Adam Smith.
What is urbanization?
The growth of cities.
What crop failure triggered the Irish Potato Famine?
The failure of the potato crop.
What farming technique involved planting different crops in different fields to maintain soil fertility?
Crop rotation.
What metal was used to build machines, tools, railroads, and factory equipment?
Iron.
What does free enterprise mean?
Individuals and businesses have the freedom to make economic decisions.
Name ONE problem commonly faced by industrial workers.
Long hours, low wages, dangerous conditions, child labor, overcrowding, or poor sanitation.
What does suffrage mean?
The right to vote.
How did the Enclosure Movement increase agricultural efficiency?
Larger farms allowed landowners to use improved farming methods and produce more food.
Why were Britain's rivers and waterways important during industrialization?
They provided transportation routes for raw materials and finished goods.
What did Adam Smith mean by the "invisible hand"?
Individual choices, competition, supply, and demand can influence markets and prices.
Why did factories employ children during the Industrial Revolution?
Children could often be paid lower wages and were used as workers to help support their families.
What is the main idea of Marxism?
Marxism focuses on conflict between economic classes and argues that class conflict could lead to revolutionary change.
How could the Enclosure Movement contribute to both agricultural surplus and labor migration?
More efficient farming increased food production but reduced the need for some farm workers, causing some workers to migrate to cities.
Why was Britain's geography especially favorable for industrialization?
Britain had coal for energy, iron for machines and infrastructure, and waterways for transportation.
What is the division of labor, and why does it increase production?
Workers specialize in different tasks, making production faster and more efficient.
What was one purpose of the Factory Acts?
To regulate factory working conditions and limit some forms of child labor and working hours.
How did Western imperialism influence the Meiji Restoration?
Japanese leaders feared Western imperialism and foreign control, encouraging Japan to rapidly modernize and strengthen itself.
Trace the cause-and-effect chain from agricultural innovation to the growth of factories.
Better farming → more food → population growth → labor displacement/migration → urbanization → more factory workers → industrialization.
Explain how Britain's geographic advantages and agricultural changes worked together to support industrialization.
Agricultural improvements increased food and population while displacing some rural workers. Britain's coal, iron, and waterways provided the energy, materials, and transportation needed for factories and industrial production.
A factory assigns each worker one small task instead of having each worker make an entire product. Which idea of Adam Smith does this demonstrate, and what is its economic benefit?
Division of labor; specialization makes production more efficient and can increase the amount of goods produced.
How did industrialization lead to demands for political and social reform?
Poor working conditions, child labor, long hours, and overcrowded cities created social problems that led people to demand factory regulations, education reforms, expanded suffrage, and other changes.
How did Britain's path to industrialization differ from Japan's path during the Meiji era?
Britain's industrialization developed largely through private businesses, markets, and entrepreneurs, while Japan's modernization was strongly supported and directed by the government.