Membranes
Describe the functionality of the serous fluid
It is a lubricating fluid that allows organs to easily slide past one another and the cavity walls without friction
In which layer of the skin would we expect to find stem cells?
Stratum Basale
The yellow-orange cast given to the body is caused by which pigment?
Carotene
Describe the function of Sebum. Which gland secretes this oily product?
Sebum is a lubricant that keeps the skin soft and moist and prevents hair from becoming brittle. It also contains chemicals that kill bacteria. Produced by the sebaceous glands
Why are people that have cold sores, more likely to have an outbreak after exposure to UV light?
UV light depresses the immune system and allows for Human Herpesvirus 1 to assert itself.
Describe the composition of the cutaneous membranes (include what layers make up the cutaneous membrane AND what tissue type those membranes are composed of)
There are two layers: The epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium and the dermis is mostly composed of dense fibrous connective tissue.
Differentiate between the peritoneum, pleurae, and the pericardia.
Peritoneum: Serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs Pleurae: Serosa membranes surrounding the lungs Pericardia: Serosa surrounding the heart
Which layer of the skin contains flattened cells, deteriorating organelles, and a cytoplasm full of granules?
Stratum granulosum
This discoloration is normally caused by a lack of oxygen circulating in the body
cyanosis
What are sudoriferous glands? Describe the function of the eccrine glands (give at least 2 functions).
Sudoriferous glands produce sweat. Sweat is acidic and will inhibit bacterial growth. They also function in thermoregulation.
Why does a decubitus ulcer form?
Bedridden patients who are not turned regularly can develop decubitus ulcers. The weight of the body puts pressure on the skin and restricts the blood supply, which causes the skin to become blanched. The cells begin to die and small cracks or breaks in the skin occur at compression sites.
What tissue types compose mucous membranes?
Epithelium - Stratified squamous and simple columnar....Connective - Areolar (lamina propria)
Describe how the skin protects you from microbe damage
The skin has an unbroken surface and "acid mantle." There are also phagocytes contained within the skin to digest pathogens.
The cells that make up most of the epidermis are called
keratinocytes
Erythema is associated with which medical conditions (give at least 2)
Fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy
Describe the composition of the hair root
The hair root consists of a central core called the medulla. The medulla is surrounded by a bulky cortex layer. The cortex layer is surrounded by the outermost cuticle
Medically speaking, how is a 2nd degree burn different from a 3rd degree burn?
Where would you expect to find mucous membranes within the body?
Digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
What is the function of the hypodermis? - Give 3 functions
It anchors the skin to underlying organs and provides a site for nutrient storage. It will also absorb shock and insulate the deeper tissues from extreme temperature changes occurring outside the body.
How is it possible for the dermal papillae to supply the epidermal region of the skin, and more specifically, stratum basale, with nutrients?
The dermal papillae contain capillary loops very near to the stratum basale which allows for diffusion of nutrients to occur.
What is causing the yellow coloration that is associated with Jaundice?
The accumulation of bile pigments in the blood and bile pigments that have been deposited in the tissues
Describe what tissue types make up the hair follicles
The inner epithelial sheath is composed of epithelial tissue and forms the hair. The outer fibrous sheath is actually dermal connective tissue, which supplies blood vessels to the epidermal region and reinforces it.
Describe the "Rule of Nines"
the body is broken into 11 sections that each account for 9% of the body surface. This allows for medical professionals to know how much fluid needs to be replaced.
What is the difference between the parietal and visceral layer (think of this in terms of location)?
Parietal layer: lines a specific portion of the wall of the ventral body cavity. Visceral layer: Covers the outside of the organs in that cavity
Describe the order of the layers of the epidermis from most superficial to most deep for thick skin.
Stratums: Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale
Describe what is contained within the reticular layer of the dermis. - Describe 3 parts
Dense irregular connective tissue, blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and deep pressure receptors. There are also other cutaneous receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Collagen and elastic fibers can be found throughout the dermis.
In people that have much darker skin, how are we able to detect when cyanosis is occurring?
You must check their mucous membranes and nail beds
Why do areas with apocrine glands smell so bad?
bacteria eat the proteins secreted and the warm, moist environment is a perfect breeding ground for bacteria
What would happen to your nail if the nail matrix was damaged?
If the matrix is damaged, the nail may grow back incorrectly or depending on if the damage is severe, the nail may not grow back at all.