History
This doctrine justified the creation of juvenile courts by treating the state as a parental figure.
What is parens patriae?
This 1967 case guaranteed juveniles the right to counsel (an attorney).
What is In re Gault?
This decision point determines whether a juvenile case is dismissed, diverted or formally petitioned.
What is intake?
This type of transfer occurs when statutes require certain offenses to start in criminal court.
What is statutory exclusion?
This is the most common disposition ordered in juvenile court.
What is probation?
The first juvenile court in the United States was established in this city in 1899.
What is Chicago (Cook County, Illinois)?
This case required proof "beyond a reasonable doubt" in juvenile delinquency adjudications.
What is In re Winship?
This hearing determines whether a detained youth should remain in custody before adjudication.
What is prosecutorial discretion (direct file)?
This federal law mandates deinstitutionalization of status offenders.
What is the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA)?
Early juvenile courts differed from criminal courts because they emphasized this over punishment.
What is rehabilitation?
This case ruled the juveniles do not have a constitutional right to a jury trial.
What is McKeiver v. Pennsylvania?
This agreement allows a youth to avoid formal adjudication by complying with certain conditions.
In what state is there no specified minimum age to be transferred to adult court for the crime of murder?
What is Pennsylvania?
What is blended sentencing?
By the late 1960s, critics argued juvenile courts denied youth these protections.
What are due process rights?
This 2005 case abolished the juvenile death penalty based on adolescent brain development.
What is Roper v. Simmons?
This tool is used to predict the likelihood that a youth will reoffend and how to tailor an intervention.
What is a risk/needs assessment?
This provision requires youth once convicted as adults to always be tried in criminal court thereafter.
What is "once an adult, always an adult"?
This is the main reason why juveniles are transferred to adult court.
What is to be given a harsher punishment/sentence?
During these two decades, there was an expansion of laws that allowed juveniles to be tried in adult court in order to crack down on juvenile crime.
What are the 1980s and 1990s?
This case ruled that the Eighth Amendment forbids a mandatory sentence of life in prison without parole for a juvenile convicted of homicide.
What is Miller v. Alabama?
Only about this percentage of formally processed juvenile cases are waived to criminal court.
What is less than 1%?
Research has found that transferring youth to adult court has led to this outcome.
What is recidivism?
This scientific finding underpins modern juvenile sentencing reform and Supreme Court rulings.