Memo and Lucho
Memo has primarily worked in this city's fruit fields while in the U.S.
What is Fresno?
This policy involves migrants waiving their right to see a judge and are returned to Mexico without a trial or a prolonged time spent in detention. It was a common policy pre-2000.
What is voluntary departure?
This act was passed in 1986, providing approximately 2 million undocumented people with Permanent Resident Status.
What is the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)?
From earlier in the book, this concept refers to killing in the name of sovereignty. It's typically directed by or sanctioned by the state.
What is necropolitics?
The place where De León meets Memo and Lucho and where he conducts participant observation by helping the staff out.
What is Juan Bosco?
The two states that Lucho has worked in undocumented for thirty years in manual labor jobs.
What are Arizona and California?
This is the name of the program DHS put into place where first time offenders can serve up to six months in jail. A repeat visitor can get up to two years.
What is Operation Streamline?
This event spurred even more border security along the southern border?
What is 9/11?
This term refers to the set of learned perspectives, tastes, and dispositions people use to orient themselves in their relations with people and objects.
What is habitus?
How is De León both an 'insider' and 'outsider' when compared with his interlocutors?
He's an insider because he's a male Latino but he's an outsider as he's a university professor.
The percentage of border crossers who eventually make it across the Mexico border into the U.S., even if it's through repeated attempts.
What is 92%-98%?
What is Grupo Beta?
From earlier in the book, this term refers to "violence performed and produced through the specific treatment of corpses that is perceived to be offensive, sacrilegious, or inhumane by the perpetrator, the victim, or both."
What is necroviolence?
One of the two terms to refer to the working-class verbal play routines" that are laden with humor, sexually charged double entendres, and expletives.
What is chingaderas or pendejadas?
The name migrants give to the place where people hang out between 7am and 6pm when the Grupo Beta office is closed.
What is la linea, or the line.
Memo states that it is harder to live in Mexico than in the U.S. and says that in the U.S. he can eat for three days on this many dollars.
What is $10?
The Alien Transfer and Exit Program (ATEP), started in 2008, does what as its main way of deterring migrants from attempting to cross again?
They bus them to ports of entry distant from where they were apprehended.
This is the year that Prevention Through Deterrence went into effect.
What is 1993?
What role or function does humor and joking play in the lives of people like Lucho and Memo?
Any of the following:
It can be used as a 'weapon of the weak'
It serves as an important form of resistance
It is an important form of migrant identity construction.
To forget their problems for a moment.
What is the name of one of the migrants De León interviews at the end of Chapter 5 in his informal interviews on la linea and discuss one thing you learned from their story.
Ruiz, Chucho, Maria and Lupita.
Social and economic factors.
De León would call the Alien Transfer and Exit Program a form of structural violence. Why?
Because it often makes migrants less secure. They typically find their coyotes in their home villages because people know them, know how to get ahold of them, and hold them accountable. With drop offs in unknown locations, migrants are at the risk of coyotes swindling them or of bajadores.
From the first chapter in the book, what is the name of the treaty that led to farmers in Mexico being unable to support themselves due in part to this treaty.
What is NAFTA, or the North American Free Trade Agreement?
This is the name for the type of migrant social group that forms along la linea or in desert crossings. They provide short term benefits and a sense of brotherhood.
What is an "accidental community"?
When De León is observing the court hearings, he notices a pattern. The most represented states of origin are the poorest states with the highest indigenous populations. Name two of these states.
What are Oaxaca, Chiapas, and/or Vera Cruz.